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2011 Vol. 31, No. 03 Published: 2011-03-01

光谱学与光谱分析

	577	Application and Prospect of Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing in Major Natural Disaster Assessment
		WANG Fu-tao^{1, 2}, WANG Shi-xin^1*, ZHOU Yi¹，WANG Li-tao¹, YAN Fu-li¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0577-06
		After the occurrence of major natural disasters, it is of great significance that disaster states are assessed timely and accurately for decision-making departments to draw up effective response programs. Multi-spectral remote sensing has a great advantage and potential in disaster assessment, with the characteristics of a wide range of data acquisition, high speed, etc. In several major natural disaster assessments in China, multi-spectral remote sensing technology has played an important role. Firstly, the present paper takes earthquake disasters, floods disasters and drought disasters as examples to summarize the specific applications of major natural disaster assessment based on the multi-spectral remote sensing. Secondly, in these specific applications they suffer from both relative shortage of data sources and limited breadth and depth of application; both of these problems are analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of major natural disaster assessment based on the multi-spectral remote sensing, such as the expansion of multi-spectral remote sensing data acquisition means, the establishment of major natural disasters assessment index system based on remote sensing, and the improvement of the assessment technology system based on multi-spectral remote sensing are also discussed.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 577-582 [Abstract] ( 1246 ) PDF (1748 KB) ( 470 )

	583	Studies on the Remote Measurement of the Distribution of City Gaseous Pollutant by Mobile Passive Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
		WU Feng-cheng, LI Ang, XIE Pin-hua^*, XU Jin, SHI Peng, QIN Min, WANG Man-hua, WANG Jie, ZHANG Yong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0583-06
		An optical remote sensing method based on passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy for the measurement of the distribution of city gaseous pollutant was studied. The passive DOAS system, which was installed in a car, successively measures the interested area (such as city, industrial area) and the column density was obtained by DOAS fitting process using the zenith scattered sunlight. The mobile DOAS was applied to measurement in Shenzhen City during the continuous six days and got the distribution of SO₂, NO₂ in this paper. It showed that the pollution in the west is higher than in the east. The average concentration in the west is 2.0 times higher than the eastern for SO₂ and 3.6 times for NO₂. And comparison of the values between mobile DOAS and the point instrument was carried out in Baguang site. There was an agreement between the two instruments, the correlation coefficient was 0.86 for SO₂, while 0.57 for NO₂. The results indicate that this optical remote sensing method based on passive DOAS is an effective means of rapidly determining the distribution of city gaseous pollutant.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 583-588 [Abstract] ( 1925 ) PDF (3356 KB) ( 386 )

	589	Advance of the Imaging Spectral Technique in Diagnosis of the Information of Crop
		WANG Kun^1,3, ZHU Da-zhou^1,3, ZHANG Dong-yan³, MA Zhi-hong², HUANG Wen-jiang³, YANG Gui-jun³, WANG Cheng^1,3*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0589-06
		Labor intensive, time consuming, high technical requirements in operation and much affected by human factors is the limitation of diagnosing the crop information with conventional method, which could not make diagnosis real-time and rapid. Imaging spectral technique could simultaneously obtain the image and spectral information of crops. It could diagnose the growth and insects information of crop rapidly and non-destructively. In recent years, imaging spectroscopy has been widely used in diagnosis of the information of crop, so it provides technical support for agricultural informatization. In the present study, the principle of imaging spectroscopy was presented. The application progress of imaging spectroscopy technique in crop detection was investigated, including seed component detection, seed variety discrimination, seed disease and insect pest detection, field crop growth monitoring and field crop disease and insects monitoring. Then the paper analyzed difficulty of imaging spectroscopy for crop measurement, and the prospect of this technique was also discussed.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 589-594 [Abstract] ( 664 ) PDF (1148 KB) ( 581 )

	595	Time-Resolved Evaluation of Self-Absorption in Laser Induced Plasma from Nickel Sample
		HOU Hua-ming, LI Ying, LU Yuan, WANG Zhen-nan, ZHENG Rong-er^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0595-05
		Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been shown to be a promising technique for element analysis. However, self-absorption effect deeply influences the LIBS measurements. In the present paper, a Q-switched Nd∶YAG laser operated at 1 064 nm was used to generate nickel plasmas in air. Four atomic lines Ni Ⅰ 341.476/351.034/351.505/352.454 nm which belong to the same electronic configuration (3d⁹(²D)4p—3d⁹(²D)4s) of Ni were chosen for self-absorption investigation. Self-absorption of Ni Ⅰ 351.034 nm corresponding to the highest energy level ³D₁ of 3d⁹(²D)4s was not observed in the plasma emission investigated. While for the other three lines, a strong self-absorption appeared at the prophase of the plasma and tended to weaken. The self-absorption at Ni Ⅰ 352.454 nm was the most serious and still visible at the delay of 1 100 ns, compared with the lines of Ni Ⅰ 341.476/351.505 nm whose self-absorption duration is 900 and 500 ns respectively. It was also found that the self-absorption effect had power dependence and decreased with the increase in laser pulse energy. The obtained results suggest that the self-absorption effect could be alleviated by suitable atomic line selection, operating at a higher pulse energy and detecting with a longer delay. The possible reasons for the self-absorption duration difference for different lines were also discussed.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 595-599 [Abstract] ( 792 ) PDF (2136 KB) ( 452 )

	600	Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Ractopamine Hydrochloride
		CHEN Xi-ai^{1, 2}, HUANG Ping-jie^1*, HOU Di-bo¹, KANG Xu-sheng¹, ZHANG Guang-xin¹, ZHOU Ze-kui¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0600-04
		The terahertz spectra of Ractopamine hydrochloride in the range of 0.2 to 2.2 THz was obtained by THz time-domain spectroscopy, and the absorption and refraction spectra of Ractopamine hydrochloride was got meanwhile. The structure and vibrational frequencies of Ractopamine molecule in the THz range were simulated by density functional theory. The difference between experimental and theoretical results was analyzed. And assisted by Gaussian View3.09，the origin of the vibrational frequencies was recognized. The results show that besides the intramolecular vibrations, THz absorption of Ractopamine hydrochloride originated from the intermolecular hydrogen bond network and Van der Waals force between molecules. This study demonstrated the feasibility of time-domain terahertz spectroscopy for the identification of Ractopamine hydrochloride and provided a new way for the detection of Ractopamine hydrochloride.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 600-603 [Abstract] ( 1238 ) PDF (1639 KB) ( 551 )

	604	Study of the Energy Transfer between Excited Rb2 and H2 Using the CARS Technique
		CAI Qin, ZHANG Li-ping, LUAN Nan-nan, DAI Kang, SHEN Yi-fan^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0604-04
		Using the CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy) detection technique, the authors investigated the electronic-to-rovibrational levels energy transfer between electronically excited Rb₂ and H₂. In this CARS experiment, the S-branch (Δν=1, ΔJ=2) transition of H2 was excited by two laser pulses, the pump and the Stokes, respectively, centered at 532 and 690 nm. The internal state distribution of collisionally populated H₂ was probed. The scanned CARS spectra reveal that during energy transfer processes H₂ molecules were produced only at the ν=1, J=1,2 and ν=2, J=0,1,2 rovibrational levels. From scanned CARS spectral peaks the population ratios were obtained. The n₁/n₅，n₂/n₅，n₃/n₅ and n₄/n₅ are 3.57±0.71，2.65±0.53，3.00±0.60 and 0.93±0.17, respectively, where n₁，n₂，n₃，n₄ and n₅ represent the number densities of H2 at the rovibrational levels (2,0)，(2,1)，(2,2)，(1,1) and (1,2), respectively. The population ratios indicate that the H₂ molecules produced by the energy transfer process are 83% populated at the ν=2 vibrational level and 17% at ν=1. The relative fractions (〈f_V〉∶〈f_R〉∶〈f_T〉＝ of average energy disposal were derived as (0.48, 0.01, 0.51), with major translational and vibrational energy release. Through semilog plot of the time-resolved CARS profiles under a simple kinetic model under the experimental conditions of T=573 K and P=5×10³ Pa, the collisional transfer rate coefficients k₁₂=(3.1±0.6)×10^-14 cm^-3·s^-1 and k₂=(4.9±1.0)×10^-15 cm^-3·s^-1 have been obtained.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 604-607 [Abstract] ( 2341 ) PDF (1521 KB) ( 401 )

	608	Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Striation in Hollow Cathode Discharge
		HE Shou-jie^1,2，HE Feng¹，LI Shang¹，OUYANG Ji-ting^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0608-04
		The characteristics of striations in cylindrical hollow cathode discharge were investigated experimentally. The emission intensity and spectra of striations were measured, and the spatial characteristics of electron excitation temperature and relative electron density were calculated. It is shown that the emission intensity, the electron excitation temperature and the electron density appear as a periodic structure. The electrons have higher excitation temperature but lower density in the bright regions compared with the dark regions. The electron excitation temperature in the bright regions decreases from the cathode to the anode. It is also shown that the electron excitation temperature increases with increasing current.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 608-611 [Abstract] ( 1027 ) PDF (1927 KB) ( 543 )

	612	Preparation of Y₂O₃∶Er³⁺ by Coprecipitation Method and Influence of Initial pH on the Luminescent Properties
		WANG Xiao-chun, REN Bo, GUO Chang-xin, JIANG Gui-cheng, YIN Min^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0612-05
		Samples of Y₂O₃∶1%Er were prepared by coprecipitation method and the pH value of precipitant ammonium bicarbonate was adjusted by ammonia. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and elemental analysis showed that the chemical construction of precursors at pH range of 8.0～9.5 had little change. By X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, it was found that the pH value of precipitant had a significant impact on the content of erbium in precursor and it can influence particle size as well as its distribution of the products, both of which had important effects on the luminescent properties of the products.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 612-616 [Abstract] ( 1111 ) PDF (3119 KB) ( 397 )

	617	Photoluminescence of Green Phosphors Gd₂Ba₃B₃O₁₂ Doped with Tb³⁺
		ZHAO Wen-yu^1，2, FAN Bin^1*, LI Song-bo^1，2, ZHANG Guo-bin³, DAI Ya-tang⁴
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0617-04
		The green emitting phosphor, Gd₂Ba₃B₃O₁₂∶Tb³⁺ was synthesized with the method of high-temperature solid-state reaction. The phase structure and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the samples were characterized by The X-ray diffraction (XRD), vacuum ultraviolet spectrum and ultraviolet spectrum (VUV-UV). The results indicate that Tb³⁺ ion acting as the luminescent center inhabited the site of Gd³⁺ ion in the host of Gd₂Ba₃B₃O₁₂. The VUV-UV excitation spectrum consists of the two strong broad bands at about 160～200 and 200～250 nm and sharp lines at about 260～280 and 300～ 320 nm. The two strong broad bands were assigned to the host absorption and f—d transition of Tb³⁺. The sharp lines were ascribed to the f—f transition of Tb³⁺ and Gd³⁺. All the samples of Gd₂Ba₃B₃O12∶Tb³⁺ exhibit strong green emission corresponding to ⁵D₄→⁷F₅ transition (543 nm) of Tb³⁺ under VUV-UV light excitation. Under 172 nm excitation, 15 mol% Tb³⁺ doped Gd₂Ba₃B₃O₁₂ sample exhibits strong green emission with good color purity (x=0.313 6, y=0.484 3) and a fitted a decay time τ around 2.98 ms. It can be concluded that this series of phosphors Gd₂Ba₃B₃O₁₂∶Tb³⁺ is a promising green vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) phosphor for plasma display panels (PDPs) and Hg-free fluorescent tubes application.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 617-620 [Abstract] ( 2345 ) PDF (1586 KB) ( 367 )

	621	Fabrication and Luminescent Properties of Dy³⁺ Doped Sr1-xCa_xMoO₄
		GUAN Li¹, LI Xu^1,2*, TIAN Xiao-dong^1,2, JIN Li-tao¹, YANG Yan-min¹, LI Pan-lai¹, YANG Zhi-ping^1,2
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0621-04
		Dy³⁺ doped Sr_1-xCa_xMoO₄ phosphors were prepared by solid state method in the present paper. The crystal structure, luminescent properties and the effect of x on the luminescent properties were studied by XRD, SEM, excitation, emission and color parameters. The XRD patterns indicated that the samples were single phase of CaMoO₄ and SrMoO₄ when x=1 and x=0. It can be seen that the crystal size of samples prepared at 750 ℃ for 3 h were 0.2～1.0 μm, which was matched with solid state luminescent device. The excitation spectra monitored at 576 nm were composed of a broad band at 250～340 nm and a series of narrow band at 340～460 nm. The excitation peaks situation of CT transition and the excitation peaks intensity of narrow bands varied with Sr/Ca. The emission spectra excited by 350 nm were composed of two broad bands at 470 and 576 nm, which were attributed to the transition of ⁴F_9/2→⁶H15/2 and ⁴F_9/2→⁶H_13/2. The emission intensity of yellow and blue emission varied with the value of Sr/Ca.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 621-624 [Abstract] ( 1816 ) PDF (1739 KB) ( 444 )

	625	Mechanism Study on the Extraction of Nonylphenol by Ionic Liquids in Water Through IR Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculation
		FU Xin-mei¹, WANG Lei², DAI Shu-gui³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0625-05
		The interaction mechanism of the typical ionic liquid (IL) 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([PF₆]), imidazolium ionic liquid with hydroxyl group and nonylphenol (NP) was studied through infrared (IR) spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations for density functional theory. The results indicated the hydrogen bonds could not be found in the IR spectra before and after IL [PF₆] extracting NP while the absorption peaks of the hydroxyl group of the ILs containing hydroxyl group have red shifts after the ILs extracting NP. It could be seen in the theoretical calculation that the cation ⁺ of [PF₆] has the C—H…O hydrogen bond interaction with NP. The O—H…O type hydrogen bond could also be formed between the cation [C₄H₉OHIM]⁺ of the IL with hydroxyl group and NP. It could be concluded through the two mechanism study methods that the strength of hydrogen bond between the IL with hydroxyl group and NP was bigger than the one between the typical IL [PF₆] and NP, followed by the bigger extraction efficiency of NP by the former, which coincided with the extraction experiment result.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 625-629 [Abstract] ( 1662 ) PDF (1892 KB) ( 449 )

	630	FTIR Spectra Study on the Film of Polyurethane Coated Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizer
		WU Shu¹, LI Qing-shan^1*, RU Tie-jun², WANG Li-min¹, XING Guang-zhong¹, WANG Jin-ming²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0630-05
		The polyurethane films were prepared to wrap the urea in order to achieve a desirable release rate by mixing isocyanate, polyols and wax. The effect of wax, urea and isocyanate on the structure and properties of the films was investigated by FTIR. The structural changes were monitored as the polyurethane films together with the wrapped urea were immersed into ammonia water for 28 days, which is used to model soil conditions. The FTIR results showed that the width and intensity of the NH-free band increased remarkably with time, and all kinds of carbonly bands shifted to high wavenumber and their intensity increased obviously. The results suggest that the structure of the polyurethane films was destroyed more heavily in soil than in water, and this explains the relatively fast release rate of urea in soil. It was observed that the increase in the chemical crosslinking density in the polyurethane films can effectively decrease the release rate of the urea nitrogen in soil.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 630-634 [Abstract] ( 1074 ) PDF (2177 KB) ( 432 )

	635	The Way to Identify the Man-Made-Lime in Neolithic in China
		LI Nai-sheng¹，HE Nu²，WANG Li-hua³, FAN Xiao-pan³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0635-05
		Archaeological studies indicated that the “Baihuimian” building material has been excavated widely in the Neolithic Age, which was not only hard, but also of beauty and cleanly. Archaeologist concluded that the “Baihuimian” may be the earliest man-made-lime in China. So, the infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the “Baihuimian” and “Baitiaoshi” from Taosi site. The results indicated that the ratio of ν₂ to ν₄ is markedly different between “Baihuimian” and “Baitiaoshi” by infrared spectroscopy which shows that there is a big difference in the disorder parameter of calcium carbonate crystal, suggesting calcined “Baihuimian” is identified depending on infrared spectroscopy. Thereby, it offers a simpler and more efficient method to study the origin of lime. Meanwhile, the temper of “Baihuimian” was also analyzed by microscope and infrared spectroscopy methods, respectively, which proves that the mixed materials (admixture) in “Baihuimian” is cellulose.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 635-639 [Abstract] ( 1794 ) PDF (1866 KB) ( 461 )

	640	Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and FT-Raman Spectrometer Study of Hyperdispersant on Atrazine Surface
		XU Yan, MA Chao, JIA Ran, CAI Meng-ling, HU Yi-jun, WU Xue-min^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0640-04
		The main methods in performing the study of the adsorption properties of hyperdispersant on atrazine surface were fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectrometer (FT-Raman), and the results suggested that the hydrogen bond force was the main force combining the surface of atrazine particles and the dispersant. And it also promoted the adsorption of dispersant on atrazine particles. However, the information of what accurate quantity of the dispersant adsorbed on the surface of atrazine should a successful suspension ability of the suspension concentrate acquire is still not available. And researches on this question still need to be done with the help of quantized spectroscopy method. The result of this study provided a theoretical foundation for the development of stable atrazine suspension concentrate and the spectroscopy quantitative analysis of it. This result provided significant information for the application of atrazine suspension concentrate at the same time.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 640-643 [Abstract] ( 661 ) PDF (1367 KB) ( 531 )

	644	*Studies on Normal and Mildewy Auricularia Auricular* by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy**
		SHI You-ming¹，LIU Gang²，SUN Yan-lin³, WEI Sheng-xian¹, YAN Cui-qiong¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0644-03
		In order to verify the capability of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in food safety, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to obtain the spectra of normal and mildewy auricularia auricula, The result showed the frequency of hydroxyl and aliphatic absorption band in their spectra had evident differentia, with the dispersion being 23.31 and 13.41 cm^-1 respectively. The curve-fitting analysis was used for the fold peaks of hydroxyl and amido, and it presented that the content of hydroxyl and amido had evident change. The substances in the auricularia auricula generated chemical change, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could show the differentia easily. The results show that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can provide valuable information about the auricularia auricula. It could be used as a reference method for identification of the normal and mildewy auricularia auricula.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 644-646 [Abstract] ( 491 ) PDF (1324 KB) ( 468 )

	647	*Estimation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Neosinocalamus Affinins* Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy**
		LIU Jun-liang, SUN Bai-ling, YANG Zhong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0647-05
		Near infrared spectroscopy was applied to rapidly predict density, modulus of rupture and tensile strength parallel to grain of neosinocalamus affinins. Backward interval partial least squares (BiPLS) was used to find the most informative spectrum ranges, and build models based on raw spectra and pretreated spectra, including first derivative spectra, second derivative spectra, Savitzky-Golay smoothing spectra and standard normalized variate spectra. And partial least squares (PLS) models were also developed in the whole wavelength range 350～2 500 nm. The results show that compared with PLS models, BiPLS could effectively find the optimal spectrum regions and improve the predictive ability of models. The optimal models of density, modulus of rupture and tensile strength parallel to grain were obtained through BiPLS method that separated the whole spectra pretreated by standard normalized variate, second derivative and first derivative respectively into 20, 30 and 20 intervals. And the prediction models of density, modulus of rupture and tensile strength parallel to grain had correlation coefficient (r) 0.85，0.88 and 0.88, as well as root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP) 0.052 4，0.018 5 and 0.029 2, respectively. The relation between NIR predicted values and actual values was good in all cases. Therefore, the experimental results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy was promising for predicting the physical and mechanical properties of neosinocalamus affinins.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 647-651 [Abstract] ( 1063 ) PDF (1668 KB) ( 464 )

	652	Application of Fourier Transform Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy in Analysis of Pulp and Paper Industry
		ZHANG Yong¹, CAO Chun-yu^1*, FENG Wen-ying¹, XU Ming¹, SU Zhen-hua¹, LIU Xiao-meng², Lü Wei-jun¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0652-04
		As one of the most powerful tools to investigate the compositions of raw materials and the property of pulp and paper, infrared spectroscopy has played an important role in pulp and paper industry. However, the traditional transmission infrared spectroscopy has not met the requirements of the producing processes because of its disadvantages of time consuming and sample destruction. New technique would be needed to be found. Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is an advanced spectroscopic tool for nondestructive evaluation and could rapidly, accurately estimate the production properties of each process in pulp and paper industry. The present review describes the application of ATR-FTIR in analysis of pulp and paper industry. The analysis processes will include: pulping, papermaking, environmental protecting, special processing and paper identifying.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 652-655 [Abstract] ( 1211 ) PDF (1083 KB) ( 401 )

	656	*Analysis and Evaluation of Taxol Contents in Different Parts between Taxus media* and Taxus mairei Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy**
		KONG De-xin¹，HUANG Xi-yang^1*，LI Feng^1，3，JIANG Shui-yuan¹，HUANG Shu-shi²，LI Hong¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0656-05
		In the present study, combined with external standard method, second derivative as well as curve-fitting equation, the infrared spectroscopy techniques were applied to research the discrepancy of paclitaxel content among different parts of them repectively as well as the differences of infrared spectral character between Taxus Media(T. Media) and Taxus Mairei (T. Mairei). The results showed: (1) The band around 1 516, 1 371, 1 244, 1 109 and 773 cm^-1 was markedly enhanced when paclitaxel standard sample was added by more than 0.004 5 mg to original traditional Chinese materials, in addition, in infrared fingerprint area, the second derivative spectra show that there was good corresponding peak between traditional Chinese materials and standard paclitaxel sample around 1 371, 1 315, 1 244, 1 143, 1 106, 1 070, 1 022 and 773 cm^-1, furthermore, the intensity of above character band would increase accompanying with increased standard paclitaxel sample. So, the band character around 1 371, 1 315, 1 244, 1 143, 1 106, 1 070, 1 022 and 773 cm^-1 could be used to evaluate paclitaxel content of T. media and T. mairei; (2) Around 1 800～700 cm^-1, IR spectral features suggest that two kinds of Chinese yew had quite similar infrared vibration character, but when Gaussian function was applied to decompose the band around 1 058 cm^-1, the result demonstrated that the T. media were decomposed with 8 while T. mairei were only decomposed with 7 component bands. (3) Second-derivative and curve-fitting equation analysis demonstrated that there were certain differences of paclitaxel content between T.media and T.mairei as well as different parts of them. Specifically, the paclitaxel content of T. media was higher than T. mairei, while the paclitaxel content in leaf of T. media was highest, on the contrary, the paclitaxel content in root of T. mairei was highest when comparing the content among the different parts of T. media and T. mairei respectively. Therefore, above methods could be quickly analyze and evaluate the differences of paclitaxel content between T. media and T. mairei as well as the different parts of them.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 656-660 [Abstract] ( 295 ) PDF (2120 KB) ( 601 )

	661	Rapid and Nondestructive Discrimination of Hybrid Maize Seed Purity Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy
		HUANG Yan-yan¹, ZHU Li-wei¹, LI Jun-hui², WANG Jian-hua¹, SUN Bao-qi¹, SUN Qun^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0661-04
		Near infrared spectroscopy technology was applied to study rapid and nondestructive discrimination method of hybrid maize seed purity. With NongDa108 hybrid seeds and mother 178 seeds, a discrimination model for the purity of maize single seed was built by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy with distinguished partial least squares (DPLS). A total of 200 seeds including 100 hybrid seeds and 100 mother seeds were divided into two groups: calibration set (150 samples) and validation set (50 samples), and each group had same number of hybrid and mother seeds. To eliminate human errors as much as possible we used two sample cups with transmission hole diameter of 3.0 and 4.5 mm, respectively, at the bottom for spectrum acquisition. The location of sample cups and seeds were fixed during spectrum acquisition process. The result showed that the average identification rate with 3 mm transmission hole diameter was 99.82%, significantly higher than that of 4.5 mm whose average identification rate was just 90.96%. There was no significant difference among the identification rates of one replicate and two replicates spectrum on endosperm face, two replicates spectrum on embryo face and four replicates. The rates of validation set reached about 99%, slightly more than that of one replicate on embryo face. The identification rates of one spectrum and two replicates spectrum on endosperm face in calibration and validation set were 100%, with the spectral region between 4 000 and 8 000 cm^-1. With 3.0 mm transmission hole diameter and 4 000～8 000 cm^-1 spectral region, the seed purity identification rates in calibration and validation sets built up by one spectrum on endosperm face were 100%. With the increase in principal components, the identification rates in calibration set and validation set gradually increased, and when principal components reached 9, the rate in both of sets were 100%. The results have important value for rapid and nondestructive testing of hybrid maize seed purity.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 661-664 [Abstract] ( 1955 ) PDF (1239 KB) ( 408 )

	665	Determination of Fat, Protein and DM in Raw Milk by Portable Short-Wave Near Infrared Spectrometer
		LI Xiao-yun¹, WANG Jia-hua², HUANG Ya-wei¹, HAN Dong-hai^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0665-04
		Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy calibrations of fat, protein and DM in raw milk were studied with partial least-squares (PLS) regression using portable short-wave near infrared spectrometer. The results indicated that good calibrations of fat and DM were found, the correlation coefficients were all 0.98, the RMSEC were 0.187 and 0.217, RMSEP were 0.187 and 0.296, the RPDs were 5.02 and 3.20 respectively; the calibration of protein needed to be improved but can be used for practice, the correlation coefficient was 0.95, RMSEC was 0.105, RMSEP was 0.120, and RPD was 2.60. Furthermore, the measuring accuracy was improved by analyzing the correction relation of fat and DM in raw milk. This study will probably provide a new on-site method for nondestructive and rapid measurement of milk.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 665-668 [Abstract] ( 2436 ) PDF (1647 KB) ( 818 )

	669	Study on Discrimination of Varieties of Corn Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Based on GA and LDA
		WANG Hui-rong, LI Wei-jun^*, LIU Yang-yang, CHEN Xin-liang, LAI Jiang-liang
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0669-04
		A new method for the fast discrimination of varieties of corm based on near-infrared spectroscopy using genetic algorithm and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was proposed. First, data of NIS of 37 varieties of corn was collected, second, genetic algorithm used for choosing the feature band of spectrum, then PCA and LDA were used to extract features, and finally corn seeds were classified. The result showed that GA could remove noise band effectively and improve the generalization ability of LDA. A large number of redundant data was removed to simplify the computing, which resulted in the data dimension reduction from 2 075 to 233. For the 300 samples of test set one, the average correct recognition rate and average correct rejection rate attained 99.30% for both, and the average correct recognition rate of 73.33% varieties of corn attained for 100%. For the 175 samples of test set 2 (all of whose varieties had not been trained), the average correct recognition rate attained 99.65%. The run time is shorter and the correct rate is higher compared to the common method of PCA.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 669-672 [Abstract] ( 1103 ) PDF (1413 KB) ( 413 )

	673	An Authentication Method of Bear Bile Powder Based on the Near Infrared Spectroscopy
		LI Wen-long¹, XING Li-hong¹, XUE Dong-sheng², QU Hai-bin^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0673-04
		A method based on the near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was established for the authentication of bear bile powder and the quantitative analysis of the proportion in the counterfeits. The NIR spectra of 30 bear bile powder samples from 4 different origins, 6 pig gall powder samples, and 65 mixed samples of bear bile powder and pig gall powder with different proportions range from 0 to 100% were collected. The principal component analysis (PCA) was done and well-marked boundaries were observed between the bear bile and the counterfeits, also the bear bile samples from different origins. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to differentiate the bear bile and the counterfeits, and the rate of accuracy is 95%. Finally, the PLS calibration model was established for the quantitative analysis of the bear bile proportion in the counterfeits, the coefficient of determination of the prediction set is 0.975 9, and the root-mean-square prediction error is 4.25%, which indicated that the result was satisfied. This research contributes to the rapid and undamaged identification of bear bile powder, and also offers reference for the quality identification of other expensive medicinal materials.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 673-676 [Abstract] ( 662 ) PDF (1813 KB) ( 540 )

	677	Rapid Diagnosis of TCM Syndrome Based on Spectrometry
		LIN Ling¹, ZHANG Jing¹, ZHAO Jing¹, LI Gang¹, ZHANG Bao-ju², TONG Yin^2*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0677-04
		Tongue color provides important information in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis, but in the process of TCM inspection，the various surrounding environment and subjective effect of doctors will influence the correctness of diagnosis. The present article put forward a brand new thought to study TCM objectivity，that is to research the essence message of tongue from perspective of spectrum, study the continuous spectrum to replace the observation of tongue color. The experiment used near infrared spectrum to collect reflection spectrum data of tongue among 53 exterior cold and interior heat patients, 37 healthy people and 21 wind chill suffers. Used matlab for data pretreatment, minitab for statistics modeling and prediction used partial least squares, the accuracy of prediction is 85.6%, but however, the spectrum of near infrared fail to distinguish exterior cold and interior heat patients from wind chill sufferers. The article provides a brand new way to implement the objectivity of tongue diagnosis in TCM, and also offers data support for the study of TCM syndrome.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 677-680 [Abstract] ( 609 ) PDF (1329 KB) ( 583 )

	681	Raman Spectra and Structure Analysis of 2,6-Pyridine Dicarboxylic Acid in Different States and Single Bacillus Spore
		HUANG Rong-shao¹, HUANG Xi^{1, 2}, XU Lan-lan^{2, 3}, LI Yong-qing⁴, HUANG Shu-shi^{2, 3*}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0681-06
		The Raman spectra of 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) and their calcium salts(Ca-DPA) in different states and the Ca-DPA in a single bacterial spore have been recorded by Laser Tweezers Raman system (LTRS) and the spectra have been assigned. Raman spectra of different states of DPA and Ca-DPA are different evidently. Analysis leading to differences in the structure of spectrum may be due to that the Raman spectra of DPA crystalline reflected more precise characteristics information compared to DPA powder, in which the laser can penetrate through DPA crystalline and the Raman scatter from the crystalline interior is greater than that from DPA powder. The second reason is that DPA powder and Ca-DPA crystalline contain water molecules, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystals of these molecules is extensive. The presence of calcium ions would affect the pyridine ring so that both sides of the carboxyl pyridine ring have a certain geometric deformation and the hydroxy carboxylic was damaged. The DPA2-anion is principal in Ca-DPA and the DPA solution. The calcium ion affects the stability of the pyridine ring structure in the Ca-DPA solution. The result from the spectra also showed that the DPA in single spores present Ca-DPA crystal state.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 681-686 [Abstract] ( 763 ) PDF (1831 KB) ( 411 )

	687	Confocal Micro Raman Spectroscopy for the Identification of the Binder Used in Chinese Painted Cultural Relics
		HUANG Jian-hua^1,2，YANG Lu^3,4,5*，YU Shan-shan³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0687-04
		For identification of the binder used in Chinese painted cultural relics, the micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to test the pig skin glue, pig bone glue, egg yolk, egg white and peach glue which were commonly used as binder in the relics. The difference between proteinaceous binder and peach glue are distinctly. According to the analysis of their Raman spectrum, the vibrations located at 1 463 and 1 088 cm^-1are the features of peach glue. The four kinds of proteinaceous binder also have respective features of their own, although there are many common features in their Raman spectrum. The vibration of 1 737 cm^-1 is the feature of pig skin glue, and tie pig bone glue has the feature of vibration located in 962 cm^-1. The vibrations of 1 535～1 555 and 759 cm^-1 are the features of egg, including egg yolk and egg white. And the egg yolk has another vibration located at 1 749 cm^-1 which is different from egg white. It was concluded that the binder can be identified based on the features of Raman spectrum.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 687-690 [Abstract] ( 742 ) PDF (1495 KB) ( 409 )

	691	Research on the Experiment of Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation Using Diamond Anvil Cell and Raman Spectra
		WANG Shi-xia, ZHENG Hai-fei^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0691-05
		Hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell and Raman spectroscopy were used to measure the hydrogen isotope fractionation factor between gypsum and liquid water. Hydrogen isotopes of deuterium (D) and hydrogen (H) show the largest relative mass difference in all stable isotope systems. The exchange reaction between D and H would easily take place and the extent of exchange would be larger than others under same condition. So we selected the hydrogen isotopes for the investigation.The concept of fractionation factor is the quotient of ratios of heavy and light isotopes in different minerals, and can be expressed as α_A-B＝R_A/R_B. There is a linear relationship between ratio of Raman peak intensities and ratio of corresponding amount of substances. So the fractionation factor between gypsum and heavy water can be expressed asα＝Ｉ_(Ｄ-Ｏ)Ｉ_(Ｈ-Ｏ)_gypsumＩ_(Ｄ-Ｏ)Ｉ_(Ｈ-Ｏ)_heavywater The experimental study for the isotope fractionation is based on the dissolution and recrystallization of minerals in aqueous solutions. The process can reach the total isotope fractionation equilibrium and get isotope fractionation factors with different temperatures. Compared with other methods, chemical synthesis one has following advantages: (1) short time for the experiment; (2) no problem about the equilibrium for isotope exchanges. It was proved that the new method would be more convenient and reliable for obtaining the isotopic fractionation factor compared with previous ways.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 691-695 [Abstract] ( 1911 ) PDF (1519 KB) ( 509 )

	696	Raman Characterization of High-Pressure Phase Transition in AlN Nanowires
		SHEN Long-hai¹, LI Qian¹, WU Li-jun¹, MA Yan-mei², CUI Qi-liang²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0696-04
		High-pressure phase transition of AlN nanowires was investigated in the range of 0～33.1 GPa by in situ Raman spectrum method in diamond anvil cell (DAC). The A₁(LO) vibration mode exhibits considerably asymmetry and broadening, indicating the occurrence of wurtzite-to-rocksalt phase transition. The Raman signal of high-pressure phase can be assigned to the disorder activated Raman scattering of rocksalt AlN. After fully releasing pressure, the Raman characterization of high-pressure phase was quenched. According to the pressure dependence of phonon frequency of AlN nanowires, the difference of transiton path between AlN nanowires and bulk materials was discussed and the mode Grüneisen parameters were determined.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 696-699 [Abstract] ( 1188 ) PDF (1495 KB) ( 424 )

	700	Raman Spectral Investigations on the Phase Transition Behaviors of MgSO₄·7H₂O Crystals in Different Efflorescence Processes
		WANG Feng^1,2, ZHANG Yun-hong²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0700-04
		In the present paper, the in situ confocal Raman spectra of MgSO₄·7H₂O crystal in different efflorescence processes were obtained through changing relative humidities in differernt ways. Thus, detailed investigation of phase transition of MgSO₄·7H₂O crystal was achieved. At 3% RH, the phase transition of MgSO₄ crystal from MgSO₄·7H₂O to MgSO₄·3H₂O both occurred in the fast-efflorescence and slow-efflorescence processes. However, in the deliquescence process, distinct phase transition behaviors were found between the MgSO₄·3H₂O crystals which formed in different efflorescence processes. the MgSO₄·3H₂O crystals formed in fast-efflorescence process transformed to MgSO₄·6H₂O crystals at 70% RH in the deliquescence process. On the contrary, the MgSO₄·3H₂O crystals formed in slow-efflorescence process deliquesced to supersaturated MgSO₄ droplet. The studies indicated that there is a correlation between the phase transition behaviors and ways of changing RH for the different MgSO₄ crystal hydrates.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 700-703 [Abstract] ( 1830 ) PDF (3172 KB) ( 460 )

	704	Quantitative Determination of PVC Concentration by Raman Spectrum
		HUANG Zheng-liang^{1, 2}，WANG Jing-dai^{1, 2}，JIANG Bin-bo^{1, 2}，YANG Yong-rong^{1, 2}，CHEN Jie-xun^{1, 2}，LIAO Zu-wei^{1, 2*}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0704-05
		Quantitative determination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) concentration by Raman spectrum was studied in the present work. According to partial least squares (PLS) analysis, it was found that scores of PLS factor 1 were proportional to the concentrations of the sample solutions. Meanwhile, the loadings of factor 1 could reflect the contents of PVC and cyclohexanone simultaneously. The PLS regression model for PVC concentration prediction was built. The values of r and root mean square error(RMSE) between predictive results and actual values were 0.996 3 and 2.775, respectively. The Raman characteristic peaks of PVC and cyclohexanone were found, including the C—Cl bond for PVC (620 and 695 cm^-1) and the alicyclic ketone for cyclohexanone (1 709 cm^-1). By using internal standard method, another model for PVC concentration prediction was established, and the values of r and RMSE were 0.994 1 and 3.151, respectively. The results indicated that it is feasible to use Raman spectrum to detect the PVC concentration, which is of significant importance to PVC recycling.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 704-708 [Abstract] ( 1059 ) PDF (1792 KB) ( 488 )

	709	Measurement of Ethylene Content in Polypropylene by Raman Spectrum
		CHEN Mei-juan, WANG Jing-dai, JIANG Bin-bo, YANG Yong-rong, CHEN Jie-xun, LIAO Zu-wei^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0709-05
		Ethylene content in polypropylene was studied by Raman spectrum, combined with partial least squares (PLS) method. The comparison between Raman spectra for polyethylene and polypropylene was carried out, and the spectra between 50 and 600, 600 and 1 600, and 2 700 and 3 100 cm^-1 were analyzed respectively. The models for ethylene content prediction were built, while the model based on 50～3 600 cm^-1 spectra gave the best performance. The experiment indicated that Raman spectrum gave the similar predictive results as the near infrared (NIR) spectrum; the values of correlation coefficient (r), relative average deviation (RAD) and root mean square error (RMSE) between predictive results and actual values were 0.995, 2.65% and 0.319, respectively. According to PLS analysis, the loadings of factor 1 could reflect the relationship between the composition of polypropylene molecular chain and ethylene content, and ethylene content had a positive correlation with CH₂ content, but a negative correlation with content of CH₃, C—H, and C—C. The results indicated that it was feasible to detect the ethylene content in polypropylene by Raman spectrum.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 709-713 [Abstract] ( 1091 ) PDF (1833 KB) ( 406 )

	714	Impacts of Different Inoculation Methods on Fluorescence Characteristics of DOM in Solid Waste Composting
		YAO Bo^1,2, XI Bei-dou^2*, WEI Zi-min³, HU Chun-ming^2,3, GENG Chun-mao³, HE Xiao-song^1,2, LIU Hong-liang²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0714-05
		In order to determine the best inoculation methods of compound microorganisms in solid waste composting, dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the process of composting under five different inoculation methods, including inoculation at the start, at the high-temperature phase, after the high-temperature phase, at the maturity phase and without inoculation, was tested through spectral analysis to investigate the time variations of DOM components in solid waste composting. Fluorescence spectra analysis of DOM indicated that the spectral characteristics of DOM in the composting piles of the five treatments exhibited a certain trend with composting time increasing, in which macromolecules with complex structures and humic substances gradually increased, and the heap materials became more and more stabilized. According to the comparisons of the fluorescence spectroscopy maps and related parameters, the treatment of inoculating compound microorganisms at the start time or after the high-temperature phase could notably speed up the humification process in solid waste composting.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 714-718 [Abstract] ( 1673 ) PDF (2612 KB) ( 430 )

	719	Study on the Microstructure of Fluorescent Labelling Ghee Microcapsules by Tomoscan Imaging
		SHI Yan，ZHENG Wei-wan，ZOU Jin，ZHANG Xue-chun, LIU Fan
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0719-04
		In the present paper, fluorescein isothiocyanate was chosen as a fluorescence probe to mark casein protein in alkaline conditions. The interaction of the casein protein marked or not marked and fluorescein isothiocyanate was preliminarily discussed by the spectrum changes of UV-absorption and fluorescence spectrometry. Fluorescent marker was separated from SephadexG-50 chromatography column. With it as an emulsifier, the fluorescently-labeled ghee microcapsules were prepared by spray drying. And using laser scanning confocal microscope by tomoscan imaging to detect the microstructure of ghee microcapsules with the excitation of 488 nm argon-ion laser, the results showed that the casein protein assembled in the membrane surface of oil-water interface and microcapsules. The ghee microcapsules had two forms, namely mononuclear and multinuclear. The microcapsule was spherical. Its surface was smooth with no crack and no hollow. Its wall surface was intact and wall structure was relatively dense. The particle size showed obvious difference. Small particles attached to large particles, forming partial agglomerating powders to contribute to enhancing the solubility of microcapsules. These prove that the ghee microcapsule is an ideal microcapsule product.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 719-722 [Abstract] ( 1168 ) PDF (1666 KB) ( 430 )

	723	Synthesis of SiO₂ Coated Eu(TTA)₃phen and Study on Its Fluorescent Property
		TAO Dong-liang¹, CUI Yu-min^1*, QIAO Rui¹，XU Yi-zhuang^2,3, WU Jin-guang^2,3
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0723-04
		New-style fluorescent material of SiO₂/Eu(TTA)₃phen was synthesized by the mothed of dispersing Eu(TTA)₃phen in isopropanol and hydrolyzing TEOS. Fluorescence spectra showed that the emission intensities of SiO₂/Eu(TTA)₃phen were much more stronger than that of Eu(TTA)₃phen by more than two times. At the same time, the peak at 617.4 nm became very sharp, which could not be observed for Eu(TTA)₃phen. This indicated that the structure of Eu(TTA)₃phen became more rigid after coated by SiO₂. Thus, the emission intensity was enhanced largely. Life-time of SiO₂/Eu(TTA)₃phen decreasing just confirmed the rigidity of SiO₂/Eu(TTA)₃phen.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 723-726 [Abstract] ( 1156 ) PDF (1456 KB) ( 437 )

	727	Synthesis and Characterization of New Lanthanide Complexes Using Pipemidic Acid (PPA) and Dioxane as Ligands
		CUI Yu-min¹, TAO Dong-liang^1*, ZHANG Wen-bao¹，YIN Rong-can¹，XU Yi-zhuang^{2, 3}, WU Jin-guang^{2, 3}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0727-05
		Eu(PPA)₃dioxane and Tb(PPA)₃dioxane were synthesized by firstly adopting dioxane as second ligand and using pipemidic acid (PPA) as first ligand. In contrast with two kinds of binary lanthanide complexes Eu(PPA)₃ and Tb(PPA)₃, the photoluminescent intensities of Eu(PPA)₃dioxane and Tb(PPA)₃dioxane are much stronger, especially for that of Tb(PPA)₃dioxane. The enhancement of photoluminescent intensities of Eu(PPA)₃dioxane and Tb(PPA)₃dioxane is because of the replacement of dioxane for water bonded to Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺, by which the energy loss through heat oscillation will be inhibited. The as-synthesized lanthanide complexes were characterized by FT-IR, photoluminescence spectra and photoluminescence lifetime. The lifetime of Eu(PPA)₃dioxane and Tb(PPA)₃dioxane remarkably changed compared with those of Eu(PPA)₃ and Tb(PPA)₃. However, there is much difference for the lifetime change of as-synthesized lanthanide complexes formed by Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺, which shows that there is different energy transfer process for the lanthanide complexes formed by Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺. The synthesis of lanthanide complexes using dioxane as second ligand will provide a new method to detect the existence of dioxane.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 727-731 [Abstract] ( 1443 ) PDF (2084 KB) ( 518 )

	732	Research on the 3D Discrete Fluorescence Spectrum Technique for Differentiation of Phytoplankton Population
		ZHANG Shan-shan¹, SU Rong-guo^1*, DUAN Ya-li¹, SONG Zhi-jie², WANG Xiu-lin¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0732-05
		The present research was targeted to develop a fluorescence analyser for phytoplankton population which uses a series of LEDs as the light source. So the 3D discrete fluorescence spectra with 12 excitation wavelengths (400, 430, 450, 460, 470, 490, 500, 510, 525, 550, 570 and 590 nm) were determined by fluorescence spectrophotometer for 43 phytoplankton species. Then, the wavelet, Daubechies-7 (Db7), and Bayes Classifier were applied to extract the characteristics for each classes from the 3D discrete fluorescence spectra. Lastly, the fluorescence differentiation method for phytoplankton populations was established by multivariate linear regression and non-negative least squares, which could differentiate phytoplankton populations at the levels of both divisions and genus. This method was tested: for simulatively mixed samples(the dominant species accounted for 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of the gross biomass, respectively) from 32 red tide algal species, and the correct discrimination rates at the level of genus were 67.5%，75.8%，81.4% and 79.4%, respectively. For simulatively mixed samples (the dominant divisions algae accounted for 50%, 75% and 100% of the gross biomass, respectively) from 43 algal species, the discrimination rates at the level of division were 95.2%, 99.7% and 91.9% with average relative content of 38.1%，63.2% and 90.5%, respectively.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 732-736 [Abstract] ( 1674 ) PDF (1614 KB) ( 423 )

	737	Characterization and Identification of Spilled Oils Using Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Concentrated Solutions
		ZHU Li-li^1,2,3, ZHANG Qian-qian^1,2*, AN Wei⁴, WANG Chun-yan⁵
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0737-05
		In the present paper, a tentative study was made to identify spilled oils using synchronous fluorescence spectrum (SFS). Seventeen crude oil samples from different areas in China were studied. SFS of oil solutions with three concentrations, which were 5, 500 and 5 000 mg·L^-1, were analyzed. The number and position of SFS peaks were different for the different concentrations of oil solutions. Oil solutions of 5, 500 and 5 000 mg·L^-1 had characteristic peaks in excitation wavelength 260～460, 290～550 and 400～850 nm, respectively. In order to study the weathering effect on SFS, four crude oils were also set outdoors for weathering experiment and SFS of weathered oils after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 35 d were determined. All the SFS of original and weathered oils were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The principal component scores charts showed that the SFS of the oil solution of 500 mg·L^-1 had better distinguishing ability than the other two concentrations. Thus SFS of 500 mg·L^-1 between 290 and 600 nm were selected as spectrum feature of crude oils and used to build oil fingerprint data base for identifying crude oils. Taking one oil sample with unknown source among the seventeen crude oils as a case study, SFS were analyzed by PCA to find the origin of the unknown crude oil. The results draw a conclusion that SFS of high concentration solution (500 mg·L^-1) may become a useful means in spilled oils identification.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 737-741 [Abstract] ( 1738 ) PDF (2186 KB) ( 384 )

	742	Investigation on Internal Energy Transfer and Relaxation Kinetics of NO₂ by Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Emission Spectra
		ZHANG Gui-yin，MA Jin-ying，JIN Yi-dong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0742-04
		With 532 nm laser as excitation source, the excitation and relaxation process of NO₂ molecule was investigated by the technique of photoacoustic and fluorescence emission spectra. The results show that NO₂ molecules will be pumped to the first excited electronic state by laser photon. When the sample pressure is lower, some of the excited molecules relax to the ground state by radiation process directly; the other parts are redistributed to a few of the excited rovibronic energy levels by the process of fast internal energy transfer. With the increase in the sample pressure, continual collisions dominate the relaxation process gradually. This makes the excited molecules to be redistributed to many excited rovibronic energy levels. Emission from these excited levels forms a continuous spectrum. Just then, the efficiency of fluorescence emission from laser excited level decreases and the fluorescence intensity on the long wavelength side increases. The intensity of PA signals increases also. These phenomena indicate that besides the relaxation process of radiation, there is a strong relaxation process of continual collision under the condition of higher sample pressure. It converts vibration energy of the excited molecules into translation one. This induces the increase in gas temperature and a sound wave is produced.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 742-745 [Abstract] ( 1077 ) PDF (1449 KB) ( 404 )

	746	Comparison among Remotely Sensed Image Fusion Methods Based on Spectral Response Function
		DOU Wen¹, SUN Hong-quan², CHEN Yun-hao^2*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0746-07
		Remotely sensed image fusion is a critical issue, and many methods have been developed to inject features from a high spatial resolution panchromatic sensor into low spatial resolution multi-spectral images, trying to preserve spectral signatures while improving spatial resolution of multi-spectral images. However, no explicit physical information of the detection system has been taken into account in usual methods, which might lead to undesirable effects such as severe spectral distortion. Benefiting from the proper decomposition of the image fusion problem by a concise image fusion mathematical model, the present paper focuses on comparing reasonable modulation coefficient of spatial details based on analysis of the spectral response function (SRF). According to the classification of former methods, three modulation coefficients based on SRF of sensors were concluded, which lead to three image fusion methods incorporating spatial detail retrieved by Gaussian high-pass filter. All these methods were validated on Ikonos data compared to GS and HPM method.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 746-752 [Abstract] ( 1681 ) PDF (2104 KB) ( 810 )

	753	Remote Sensing Monitoring and Pre-Alarming of Algal Blooms in Taihu Lake
		SONG Yu^1，2, SONG Xiao-dong¹, GUO Qing-hai¹, TANG Li-na^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0753-05
		The explosive growth of algae in inland water bodies is one of the major water environmental problems in China, and it’s very important to monitor the dynamic of algae in both temporal and spatial scales. In the present paper, a model, which was used to extract the algae information from the water body of Taihu Lake using MODIS data, was established based on the remote sensing index and image false color composite methods. Using this model, we studied the algae explosive growth formation process between March and May in 2007. Through the analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution features of the algae outbreak between the spring and summer seasons, an early warning method of algal blooms was proposed, that is, when the MODIS green index mainly concentrated in the range between 0.6 and 0.8, the water body of Taihu Lake can be considered to have been in the early alarming stage of algal blooms.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 753-757 [Abstract] ( 1185 ) PDF (2744 KB) ( 782 )

	758	Research on Predicting Modeling for Chlorophyll Contents of Greenhouse Tomato Leaves Based on Multi-Spectral Imaging
		JIANG Wei-jie，SUN Ming^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0758-04
		Traditional spectrum analysis technology has low accuracy for forecasting chlorophyll content of plants. Research based on 3CCD camera has the limitations of high cost and the number of sensitive wavelengths not adjustable. The present paper develops a new approach to forecasting the chlorophyll content of tomato leaves by the image gray value of the selected sensitive wavelengths (532, 610 and 700 nm). Three common methods such as multi-linear regression, principal component analysis and partial least square regression were employed in forecast modeling, the good results were obtained, and both R²_c and R²_v reached about 0.9. The method has proven effective and feasible for prediction of chlorophyll contents of tomato leaves, which also lays the foundation for the development of testing instruments for the growing of crops.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 758-761 [Abstract] ( 1997 ) PDF (1565 KB) ( 395 )

	762	Studies on the Estimation of Soil Organic Matter Content Based on Hyper-Spectrum
		LIU Lei^{1, 2}，SHEN Run-ping^{1, 2*}，DING Guo-xiang²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0762-05
		Hyperspectral remote sensing technology can be extensively applied in soil nutrient research due to its three special advantages, high spectral resolution, strong waveband continuity as well as a great deal of spectral information. Based on analyzing the soil organic matter content using hyper-spectral remote sensing technology, soil nutrients status and its dynamic changes can be fully understood, thus providing the scientific basis for guidance of the agricultural production and protection of agricultural ecological environment. The present paper studies the relationship between soil spectrum and soil organic fraction based on spectrum curves (ranging from 350 to 2 500 nm) of 34 soil samples, which were collected in Yujiang and Taihe County, Jiangxi Province. First, soil reflection spectrum was mathematically manipulated into first derivative reflectance spectra (FDR) and inverse-log spectra (log(1/R)); second, the relationship between soil spectrum and soil organic fraction was investigated by stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and partial least square regression (PLSR) on the ground of characteristic absorption; third, corresponding estimation model was built and examined. The result conveys that spectral data are compressed by carrying out arithmetic average operation by 10nm for intervals. The first derivative of the reflectivity is an effective spectrum indicator, in the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis of soil organic matter, for the first derivative transformation, the regression models’ precision of establishment and verification increased. The model built by PLSR method based on the characteristic absorption bands precedes that of SMLR. In the PLSR model of soil reflection spectrum and the inverse-log spectra, the test samples’ average of relative error is 16% and 17% respectively, the correlation coefficient between retrieval value and measured value is 0.84 and 0.91 respectively, for it’s faster to estimate the soil organic fraction.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 762-766 [Abstract] ( 1623 ) PDF (1972 KB) ( 838 )

	767	Feature Extraction of Hyperspectral Scattering Image for Apple Mealiness Based on Singular Value Decomposition
		HUANG Min, ZHU Qi-bing
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0767-04
		Apple mealiness is an important sensory parameter for classification of apple quality. Hyperspectral scattering technique was investigated for noninvasive detection of apple mealiness. A singular value decomposition (SVD) method was proposed to extract the feature/ or singular values of the hyperspectral scattering images between 600 and 1 000 nm for 20 mm distance including 81 wavelengths. As characteristic parameters of apple mealiness, singular values were applied to develop the classification model coupled with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) using the samples from different origin and different storage conditions. The classification accuracies for the two-class (“mealy” and “non-mealy”) model were between 76.1% and 80.6% better than mean method (75.3%～76.5%). The results indicated that SVD method was potentially useful for the feature extraction of hyperspectral scattering images and the model developed with these features can detect the mealy and non-mealy apple, but the classification accuracies need to be improved.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 767-770 [Abstract] ( 1124 ) PDF (1387 KB) ( 448 )

	771	A Field-Based Pushbroom Imaging Spectrometer for Estimating Chlorophyll Content of Maize
		ZHANG Dong-yan^{1, 2}, LIU Rong-yuan^{2, 3}, SONG Xiao-yu², XU Xin-gang², HUANG Wen-jiang², ZHU Da-zhou², WANG Ji-hua^{1, 2*}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0771-05
		As an image-spectrum merging technology, the field-hperspectral imaging technology is a need for dynamic monitoring and real-time management of crop growth information acquiring at field scale in modern digital agriculture, and it is also an effective approach to promoting the development of quantitative remote sensing on agriculture. In the present study, the hyperspectral images of maize in potted trial and in field were acquired by a self-development push broom imaging spectrometer (PIS). The reflectance spectra of maize leaves in different layers were accurately extracted and then used to calculate the spectral vegetation indices, such as TCARI, OSAVI, CARI and NDVI. The spectral vegetation indices were used to construct the prediction model for measuring chlorophyll content.The results showed that the prediction model constructed by spectral index of MCARI/OSAVI had high accuracy. The coefficient of determination for the validation samples was R²=0.887, and RMSE was 1.8. The study indicated that PIS had extensive application potentiality on detecting spectral information of crop components in the micro-scale.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 771-775 [Abstract] ( 1983 ) PDF (1497 KB) ( 569 )

	776	Determination of Migration Level of Benzo(a) Pyrene from Paper Cups into Food Simulants
		LIN Li-rong¹, LUO He-dong², ZHOU Na^1,2, LI Na¹, JIA Yu-zhu², LI Yao-qun^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0776-04
		This paper quantitatively determined the migration level of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) from paper cups into aqueous food simulants or fatty stimulants, under different conditions by second derivative constant-energy synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (DCESFS), which proved to be a method with high sensitivity and spectral resolution. The influences of food simulants，time and temperature on the relative migration percent(%) of benzo(a) pyrene were discussed. Results showed that the recoveries of this method ranged from 89.2% to 104.3%. The migration percent(%) of fatty stimulants was higher than that of aqueous simulants. Migration into hot water was also observed, while the migration into cool water was almost negligible. The relative migration percent(%) increased with the increase of time and temperature.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 776-779 [Abstract] ( 301 ) PDF (1863 KB) ( 411 )

	780	Impact of Moss Soil Crust on Vegetation Indexes Interpretation
		FANG Shi-bo¹, ZHANG Xin-shi²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0780-04
		Vegetation indexes were the most common and the most important parameters to characterizing large-scale terrestrial ecosystems. It is vital to get precise vegetation indexes for running land surface process models and computation of NPP change, moisture and heat fluxes over surface. Biological soil crusts (BSC) are widely distributed in arid and semi-arid, polar and sub-polar regions. The spectral characteristics of dry and wet BSCs were quite different, which could produce much higher vegetation indexes value for the wet BSC than for the dry BSC as reported. But no research was reported about whether the BSC would impact on regional vegetation indexes and how much dry and wet BSC had impact on regional vegetation indexes. In the present paper, the most common vegetation index NDVI were used to analyze how the moss soil crusts (MSC) dry and wet changes affect regional NDVI values. It was showed that 100% coverage of the wet MSC have a much higher NDVI value (0.657) than the dry MSC NDVI value (0.320), with increased 0.337. Dry and wet MSC NDVI value reached significant difference between the levels of 0.000. In the study area, MSC, which had the average coverage of 12.25%, would have a great contribution to the composition of vegetation index. Linear mixed model was employed to analyze how the NDVI would change in regional scale as wet MSC become dry MSC inversion. The impact of wet moss crust than the dry moss crust in the study area can make the regional NDVI increasing by 0.04 (14.3%). Due to the MSC existence and rainfall variation in arid and semi-arid zones, it was bound to result in NDVI change instability in a short time in the region. For the wet MSC’s spectral reflectance curve is similar to those of the higher plants, misinterpretation of the vegetation dynamics could be more severe due to the “maximum value composite” (MVC) technique used to compose the global vegetation maps in the study of vegetation dynamics. The researches would be useful for detecting and mapping MSC from remote sensing imagery. It also is to the advantage to employing vegetation index wisely.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 780-783 [Abstract] ( 1893 ) PDF (1333 KB) ( 390 )

	784	The Qualitative Analysis Method of the Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) for ABS Wastewater
		LAI Bo^{1, 2}, ZHOU Yue-xi^2*, SONG Yu-dong², XI Hong-bo², SUN Li-dong³, CHEN Jia-yun³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0784-05
		The dissolved organic matter (DOM) of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin wastewater was qualitatively analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry(GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. The detected results shows that the GC-MS qualitatively analysed 21 dissolved organic pollutants, such as acetophenone, styrene, alpha, alpha-dimethyl-benzenemethanol, 3,3′-oxybis-propanenitrile, 3,3′-iminobis-propanenitrile, 3,3′-thiobis-propanenitrile, 3-(dimethylamino)-propanenitrile and 2-propenenitrile. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy could examine and certify the accuracy and integrity for the qualitative analysis of GC-MS. The results of this study provides an important guiding role for the development of wastewater treatment process.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 784-788 [Abstract] ( 2348 ) PDF (1538 KB) ( 540 )

	789	Atmospheric HCHO Gradient Monitoring and Analysis in Beijing City with a Scanning DOAS System
		WANG Man-hua, XIE Pin-hua^*, QIN Min, DOU Ke, WANG Jie, LI Ang, XU Jin, SHI Peng, WU Feng-cheng
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0789-04
		Scanning differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique combined with meteorological tower was used for monitoring vertical profiles of SO₂，NO₂，O₃，HCHO and HONO along three light paths in Beijing City during July 28, 2009 to August 13, 2009. As a result, the time series of concentrations and vertical gradient of HCHO as well as other gases were acquired. By analyzing the vertical distribution frequency characteristics of HCHO, data of other gases and meteorological data, it was concluded that the main source of HCHO is vehicles emissions around the measurement site. The photochemical reaction as the secondary source accounts for a significant proportion of the source of HCHO at certain times of day (around noon, for a few hours).
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 789-792 [Abstract] ( 1049 ) PDF (2531 KB) ( 436 )

	793	Response of Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Ear Leaves of Spring Maize to Field Managements
		WANG Ren, SUN Wen-tao, XING Yue-hua, AN Jing-wen
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0793-05
		Spring maize was selected as research object, and the characteristics of chloroplast ultrastructure of ear leaves were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as affected by irrigation, organic manure fertilization and nitrogen application. The results showed that with increasing irrigation amount, organic manure fertilization amount and nitrogen application amount, the chloroplast ultrastructure gradually became integrated, the membrane envelope of chloroplast became clear, the stroma lamellae increased and arranged regularly，the grana were clear and stacked increasingly, the starch particles increased and the osmiophilic grains decreased. Compared with other treatments, irrigation, organic manure fertilization and nitrogen application at a rate of 1 200 milliliter per pot and per day, 4 000 kilogram per mu and 23 kilogram N per mu could make the chloroplast ultrastructure show greater predominance. Compared with one topdressing, two topdressing and one deep application with control fertilizer made chloroplast become a more integrated membrane system. It was indicated that whether the chloroplast ultrastructure was normal was considered as an important index judging activities of plant cells, and reasonable field managements could make chloroplast ultrastructure of spring maize more stable, which was advantaged for high-efficiency production of spring maize.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 793-797 [Abstract] ( 1089 ) PDF (3140 KB) ( 474 )

	798	Application of Landsat ETM+ in Monitoring of Desertification in Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China
		MI Jia¹，WANG Kun^1,2*，WANG Hong-mei³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0798-05
		Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China is a transitional and interlaced zone of agricultural cultivation region and grazing region. The ecotone is a complex containing several ecosystems. Soil desertification has become a serious problem that endangered sustainable development in the ecotone. The area of desertification land has been increasing year after year in agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. This problem concerns the ecological environment, economic development and living quality of people in northern and central eastern of China. For these reasons, ecotone has recently become a focus of research of restoration ecology and global climate change. Remote sensing monitoring of desertification land is a key technique to collect the status and development of sandy land, providing scientific bases for the national desertification control. Landsat ETM+ is an advanced multi-spectral remote sensing system for the research of regional scale and has been widely used in many fields, such as geologic surveys, mapping, vegetation monitoring, etc. In the present, the authors introduce that spectral characteristics, desertification information extraction, desertification classification and development analyses in detail, and summarizes the study progresses discusses the problems and trends.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 798-802 [Abstract] ( 725 ) PDF (1129 KB) ( 388 )

	803	Study of Remote Sensing the Flux of Carbon Dioxide Gas with Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
		SONG Xue-mei, LIU Jian-guo, ZHANG Yu-jun, LU Yi-huai, ZENG Zong-yong, HE Ying,CUI Yi-ben, TIAN Yong-zhi, TIAN Lin
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0803-05
		Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technique is a new method to detect trace gas qualitatively or quantificationally based on the scan characteristic of the diode laser to obtain the absorption spectra in the characteristic absorption region. TDLAS is a highly sensitive，highly selective and fast time response trace gas detection technique. In the present paper，a DFB laser at room temperature was used as the light source, wavelength modulation method was employed, and the second harmonic signal of one absorption line near 1.578 μm of carbon dioxide molecule was measured. A system was built for online monitoring of carbon dioxide concentration within the optical path of more than 700 meters at different heights. Combined with Alonzo Mourning-Obukhov length and characteristic velocity detected by large aperture scintillometer, the flux of carbon dioxide gas calculated by the experiential formula is within -60~60 mg·m^-2·s^-1. The comparison of the datea detected by TDLAS system and the eddy covariance showed that the change of the data detected by TDLAS had a similar trend to that detected by the eddy covariance, and the best results can be produced by this method, breakking through the phenomenon of only providing the flux of trace gases near the ground at present, and making the measurement of trace gas fluxes within a large area possible.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 803-807 [Abstract] ( 1570 ) PDF (2083 KB) ( 562 )

	808	The Preparation, Characterization and Ultraviolet Photodegradation of LNG-HP-β-CD
		WANG Da-wei^1,2, LIU Qi^3,4, LIU Ming², LIU Xiao-hui^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0808-04
		The characteristics of levonorgestrel (LNG), low solubility and the quick degradation under ultraviolet, limited its study and application in rodent contraception. The inclusion complex of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) with LNG was investigated in present study. The inclusion complex was prepared by solution method and characterized by ultraviolet absorption spectrum and infrared spectrum spectra. And the stability was evaluated by being exposed to ultraviolet. The authors’ results showed that the accurate and simple method of quantitative determination for LNG was established by ultraviolet spectrum, the molar ratio of the complex was 1∶1 calculated from the phase solubility diagram, the stability constant was 187.3 L·mol^-1 at 25 ℃, and the formation of the inclusion complex was validated by UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the degradation rate of the inclusion complex was less than 5%, which was slower than the LNG monomer. The present study indicated that HP-β-CD could be formed inclusion complexes with LNG and the solubility, and stability were obviously enhanced.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 808-811 [Abstract] ( 2104 ) PDF (1506 KB) ( 375 )

	812	*Comparative Study on Mineral Elements in the Roots of Rheum tanguticum* from Qinghai-Plateau**
		LI Jin-ping^1,2，3, HAN You-ji^1,3, LIU Li-kuan⁴, LI Tian-cai¹, SUN Jin¹, CHEN Gui-chen^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0812-04
		In the present paper, the authors analysed 10 mineral elements in the roots of Rheum tanguticum collected from 30 different habitats. The mean concentration values of the 10 elements decreased as follows: Ca>Mg>K>Fe>Mn>Cr>Zn>Ni>Cu>Se. Ca, Mg, K and Fe were abundant in this herb. Most elements varied over a wide range depending on the different habitats. The mineral element data were evaluated by principal component analysis to reveal the distribution pattern of elements in root. Four principal components (K-Ca factor, Cu factor, Mg factor and Zn-Se factor) of plant elements were selected. The authors’ study provided a new scientific foundation for further studies and general application of this Chinese herb.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 812-815 [Abstract] ( 1398 ) PDF (956 KB) ( 384 )

	816	Study on Arsenic Speciation Changes in Crude and Processed Traditional Chinese Medicines by HPLC-ICP-MS
		JIN Peng-fei，WU Xue-jun，ZOU Ding，KUANG Yong-mei，HU Xin，JIANG Wen-qing，SUN Chun-hua
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0816-04
		A HPLC-ICP-MS method for simultaneous determination of As^Ⅲ, As^Ⅴ, MMA and DMA in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) was established, and the contents of As^Ⅲ, As^Ⅴ, MMA and DMA in a TCM with high total arsenic content (Cordyceps) and 5 crude and processed TCMs (Radix Astragali, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Rehmanniae) were determined and analyzed. The method validation indicated that the correlative coefficients (r) for all speciations were bigger than 0.998 4; the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were from 0.8 to 1.0 μg·L^-1; the reproducibility and stability were satisfactory with all RSDs less than 10%; the spiked recoveries ranged from 82.40% to 119.5%. The results of samples analysis showed that the inorganic arsenic (As^Ⅲ and As^Ⅴ) was the dominating speciation in the tested TCMs; MMA and DMA were not found in all plant resourced TCMs, but MMA was found in Cordyceps; all the tested TCMs indicated a content increasing of inorganic arsenic after processing.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 816-819 [Abstract] ( 2080 ) PDF (1260 KB) ( 449 )

	820	*Study on Five Heavy Metal Elements Dissolution Characteristics of Fructus Aurantii* by ICP-MS**
		WANG Gui-hua¹，ZHANG Yao¹，YANG Yi^1*，CHEN Yu-hong²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0820-03
		The method for the determination of 5 kinds of trace heavy metal elements (Cu, As, Hg, Cd and Pb) in Fructus Aurantii by inductively coupled plasma-mass (ICP-MS) with HNO₃-H₂O₂ microwave digestion was established. The recoveries of the elements detected were in the range of 85%～109% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) was in the range of 3.6%～5.4%. It indicates that the method is rapid, sensitive and accurate. It was suitable for the determination of the contents of 5 trace heavy metal elements in Fructus Aurantii. The dissolution characteristics of the 5 heavy metal elements in different extraction methods (microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction and decocting extraction, respectively) were studied. The results showed that the concentrations of trace elements As and Pb obtained by microwave-assisted extraction were relatively lower than that by ultrasonic extraction and decocting extraction. The dissolving concentrations of the 5 trace heavy metal elements (Cu, As, Hg, Cd and Pb) in Fructus Aurantii in different extracting methods were all lower than the limits of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Green Trade Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Plant and Preparation. Microwave-assisted extraction for effective constituent was rapid, effective and safe.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 820-822 [Abstract] ( 994 ) PDF (1118 KB) ( 349 )

	823	Real-Time, Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Elements in Liquid Steel by LIBS
		CHEN Kai, LU Ji-dong^*, LI Jun-yan
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0823-04
		The technique of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to analyze the composition of liquid steel. The results of research indicated that oxidation of liquid steel on the surface could be avoided because the argon and the plasma signal was enhanced at the same time. The surface of liquid steel was excited by high-energy pulse laser and plasma was formed in argon atmosphere. The spectral signal was collected with a multi-channel CCD spectrometer when the plasma cooled off and relevant information about the composition of samples was obtained. The characteristic spectral lines of analyzed elements were selected according to the selecting principle of line in LIBS and the calibration curves of major alloying elements Mn, Si and Cr were constructed. The degrees of linear fitting were all more than 0.925 and the limit of detection of Mn, Si and Cr were 75.7, 23.8 and 724.5 μg·g^-1, respectively.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 823-826 [Abstract] ( 1059 ) PDF (1751 KB) ( 524 )

	827	Determination of Trace Elements in Garlic from Xinjiang Different Groups by AAS
		GUAN Ming^1，2, WENG Zhuo-bin², XIONG Min-bo², CHEN Jian^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0827-04
		In the present paper, the contents of Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd in garlic which comes from different groups of Xinjiang were measured by wet digestion and flame-atomic absorption spectrometry. And the standard addition recovery experiment was done. The results of recovery experiment show that the atomic absorption spectrometry is a quick and easy method for determining; The correlation coefficient of each standard curve was between 0.994 4 and 0.999 8, with good linear relationship; The relative standard deviation (RSD) of each result is less than 5.15%, the recovery rate of each sample was between 99.4% and 101.7%, and the determination results are correct and reliable. The results show that the beneficial elements are richer in the garlic of Xinjiang, and the contents of trace elements are different among different places. To some extent, the difference in contents reflects the difference in the topography, climate, soil, hydrology and other environmental factor between the south and the north of Xinjiang.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 827-830 [Abstract] ( 1031 ) PDF (1123 KB) ( 375 )

	831	Simulation of the Depth Profile of Tritium Based on X-Ray Spectrum Measurement
		HU Guang-chun, ZHANG Wei-guang
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0831-04
		Tritium is very important fusion materials，it has been broad applied both in military area and in civil area. It is very important to study the depth profile and composition of tritium in materials. This thesis establishes the whole simulation method for tritium b-ray induced X-ray spectrometry technique and researches the algorithm of X-ray spectra simulation, and the X-ray spectrum and the depth and composition of tritium based on simulation has been investigated to expose their relationships. The results show that there is a corresponding relationship between depth profile and X-ray spectra, and the results lay a foundation for further research on inverse problem.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 831-834 [Abstract] ( 986 ) PDF (2185 KB) ( 384 )

	835	A Very Sensitive CW Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer and Its Application
		SONG Ke-feng, GAO Bo, LIU An-wen, WANG Na, HU Shui-ming^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0835-04
		A cavity ring-down spectrometer was built up using a CW tunable Ti: sapphire laser. The experiments show that not only the spectral resolution is up to the 10^-4 cm^-1 level, but the detecting sensitivity also exceeds 10^-10 cm^-1. With the measurements of the absorption spectroscopy of C₂H₂ near 12 696.4 cm^-1, the quantitative capability of the instrument was demonstrated. Through the spectroscopy of the samples mixed with trace C₂H₂ in N₂ gas, the detection limit of C₂H₂ was determined to be 0.2 ppm.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 835-838 [Abstract] ( 1071 ) PDF (1485 KB) ( 373 )

	839	Automatic Adjustment Control System for DC Glow Discharge Plasma Source
		WAN Zhen-zhen¹，WANG Yong-qing^{1, 2}，LI Xiao-jia¹，WANG Hai-zhou¹，SHI Ning³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0839-05
		There are three important parameters in the DC glow discharge process, the discharge current, discharge voltage and argon pressure in discharge source. These parameters influence each other during glow discharge process. This paper presents an automatic control system for DC glow discharge plasma source. This system collects and controls discharge voltage automatically by adjusting discharge source pressure while the discharge current is constant in the glow discharge process. The design concept, circuit principle and control program of this automatic control system are described. The accuracy is improved by this automatic control system with the method of reducing the complex operations and manual control errors. This system enhances the control accuracy of glow discharge voltage, and reduces the time to reach discharge voltage stability. The glow discharge voltage stability test results with automatic control system are provided as well, the accuracy with automatic control system is better than 1% FS which is improved from 4%FS by manual control. Time to reach discharge voltage stability has been shortened to within 30 s by automatic control from more than 90 s by manual control. Standard samples like middle-low alloy steel and tin bronze have been tested by this automatic control system. The concentration analysis precision has been significantly improved. The RSDs of all the test result are better than 3.5%. In middle-low alloy steel standard sample, the RSD range of concentration test result of Ti, Co and Mn elements is reduced from 3.0%～4.3% by manual control to 1.7%～2.4% by automatic control, and that for S and Mo is also reduced from 5.2%～5.9% to 3.3%～3.5%. In tin bronze standard sample, the RSD range of Sn, Zn and Al elements is reduced from 2.6%～4.4% to 1.0%～2.4%, and that for Si, Ni and Fe is reduced from 6.6%～13.9% to 2.6%～3.5%. The test data is also shown in this paper.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 839-843 [Abstract] ( 1709 ) PDF (1927 KB) ( 377 )

	844	A New Optical Switch Using Upconversion Nanoparticles Conjugated Aptamer
		SONG Kai^{1, 2}, KONG Xiang-gui^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0844-05
		As new class of fluorescent biolabels, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were very attractive for use as labels, compared with these traditional downconversion materials. It can eliminate problems associated with autofluorescence and scattered excitation light under near infrared light (NIR) excitation. In the present work, water-soluble NaYF₄∶Yb³⁺, Er³⁺ UCNPs were successfully prepared by solvothermal synthesis, using branched polyethylenimine as the surfactants, and a generic design strategy for UCNPs conjugated aptamer based optical switch was presented. In the absence of the target thrombin protein, such a duplex structure brings the UCNPs and TAMRA close proximity of each other, leading to luminescence resonance energy transfer from UCNPs to TAMRA upon near-infrared light irradiation. When target is introduced, the quadruplex conformation of the aptamer should be preferentially stabilized, resulting in the displacement of the TAMRA labelled oligonucleotide conjugate and triggering UCNPs fluorescence intensity to increase and the corresponding TAMRA fluorescence intensity to decrease. Since the aptamer responds to its target molecule by switching on its fluorescent properties, the authors named this an “optical switch”.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 844-848 [Abstract] ( 1105 ) PDF (1647 KB) ( 476 )

	849	Development of Multi-Spectral Thermometer for Explosion Flame True Temperature Measurement
		SUN Kun，SUN Xiao-gang，DAI Jing-min
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0849-04
		A kind of multi-target multi-spectral thermometer has been developed to be used in large explosive environment. At the moment of explosion, the thermometer simultaneously collects explosion flame radiation energy under different spectra after the lights go through the prism spectrometer. The second measurment method was used to calculate true temperature and emissivity of the explosion flame. The fiber-optic long-distance transmission technique and fiber coupling technique were used for the first time in optical system design, which largely solves the problems of anti-vibration, anti-explosion and anti-electromagnetic interference for the core of the instrument. The high-speed acquisition system and multi-stage amplification system were used to realize instaneous collection of the rapidly changing explosion flame temperature. The wireless long-distance transmission was used to ensure the staff safety.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 849-852 [Abstract] ( 1113 ) PDF (1858 KB) ( 400 )

	853	Spectral Discrimination Method Information Divergence Combined with Gradient Angle
		ZHANG Xiu-bao¹, YUAN Yan¹, JING Juan-juan^2,3, SUN Cheng-ming¹, WANG Qian¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0853-05
		The present paper proposes a spectral discrimination method combining spectral information divergence with spectral gradient angle (SID×tan(SGA_π/2)) which overcomes the shortages of the existing methods which can not take the whole spectral shape and local characteristics into account simultaneously. Using the simulation spectra as input data, according to the interferogram acquirement principle and spectrum recovery algorithm of the temporally and spatially modulated Fourier transform imaging spectrometer (TSMFTIS), we simulated the distortion spectra recovery process of the TMSFTIS in different maximum mix ratio and distinguished the difference between the recovered spectra and the true spectrum by different spectral discrimination methods. The experiment results show that the SID×tan(SGA_π/2) can not only identify the similarity of the whole spectral shapes, but also distinguish local differences of the spectral characteristics. A comparative study was conducted among the different discrimination methods. The results have validated that the SID×tan(SGA_π/2) has a significant improvement in the discriminatory ability.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 853-857 [Abstract] ( 1657 ) PDF (1801 KB) ( 416 )

	858	Development of a Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Sensor with Small-Diameter FBG
		LIU Rong-mei, LIANG Da-kai
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2011)03-0858-05
		Manufacture of the small diameter FBG was designed. Cross sensitivity of temperature and strain at sensing point was solved. Based on coupled-mode theory, optical properties of the designed FBG were studied. The reflection and transmission spectra of the designed FBG in small diameter were studied A single mode optical fiber, whose cladding diameter is 80 μm, was manufactured to a fiber Bragg grating (80FBG). According to spectrum simulation, the grating length and period were chosen as the wavelength was 1 528 nm. The connector of the small diameter FBG with demodulation was designed too. In applications, the FBG measures the total deformation including strain due to forces applied to the structures as well as thermal expansion. In order to overcome this inconvenience and to measure both parameters at the same time and location, a novel scheme for simultaneous strain and temperature sensor was presented. Since the uniform strength beam has same deformation at all points, a pair of 80 FBG was attached on a uniform strength cantilever. One of the FBG was on the upper surface, with the other one on the below. Therefore, the strains at the monitoring points were equal in magnitude but of opposite sign. The strain and temperature in sensing point could be discriminated by matrix equation. The determination of the K is not null and thus matrix inversion is well conditioned, even the values for the K elements are close. Consequently, the cross sensitivity of the FBG with temperature and strain can be experimentally solved. Experiments were carried out to study the strain discriminability of small-diameter FBG sensors. The temperature and strain were calculated and the errors were, respectively, 5% and 6%.
		2011 Vol. 31 (03): 858-862 [Abstract] ( 2053 ) PDF (2055 KB) ( 476 )

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