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| Scientific and Technological Analysis of Jades Unearthed From Cemeteries Dated to Eastern Zhou Dynasty From Tomb No.1 in Hougudui, Gushi, Henan Province |
| YUAN Yi-meng1, 2, HU Yong-qing3, LIU Song1, 2, LI Qing-hui1, 2* |
1. Center of Sci-Tech Archaeology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
2. Center of Materials Science and Optoelectrics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China |
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Abstract Ancient jade artifacts are not only ornaments, but also contain rich cultural meanings. In order to explore the relationship among the material properties, processing techniques and object functions of archaicjade, this paper selected 10 jade wares unearthed from No.1 tomb in Hougudui, Gushi, Henan province, using non-destructive techniques such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and confocal microscopic laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS), ultra-depth-of-field Optical Microscopy (OM), combinewith Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and silicone resin molding to analyze them comprehensively. Firstly, the chemical composition and phase structure of the samples were obtained by spectral information, and the mineral type was determined. Then, the samples were quantitatively observed by means of microscopy combined with silica gel mulching technique, and representative micro-traces were engraved for secondary observation to determine the processing technology, and therelevant data has been collected. The results show that the mineral types of this batch of jade wares include tremolite and mica. Most of the samples of tremolite were ritual wares, while the samples of mica were burial jade. The processing technology is analyzed from the following four aspects: engraving process, drilling process, cutting and grinding process and other special processes. There are two kinds of engraving tools, one is the rotary wheel, and the other is hand-held hard tools. Rotary wheel is the main one in this experiment, and the regular changes of the surface trace, the angle of incision and the depth of the nick engraved by two different tools are summarized. Drilling methods are double-faced drilling, the drilling tools are solid drilling tools, and some samples are drilled with jade sand. Most of the samples have been polished, and one of them has a narrow gap cut by a hard flake. In addition, the other special processing technology was characterized, and the differences between two kinds of shallow relief techniques are discussed, and the cutting bore technology using solid drill positioning. The above results show that the selection of ancient jade making technology is influenced by the mineral properties of jade materials and the function of jade type. This paper also discusses the source of jade, the times of tomb owner, and the transformation of slice cutting tools in the processing of jade in the Central Plains in the Spring and Autumn period.
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Received: 2020-03-24
Accepted: 2020-08-01
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Corresponding Authors:
LI Qing-hui
E-mail: qinghuili@siom.ac.cn
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