|
|
|
|
|
|
| Analysis of Pigments of Colored Paintings From Early Qing-Dynasty Fengxian Dian in the Forbidden City |
| YOU Gui-mei1, ZHANG Wen-jie1, CAO Zhen-wei2, HAN Xiang-na1*, GUO Hong1 |
1. Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2. The Ancient Architecture Department of the Palace Museum, Beijing 100009, China
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract Fengxian Dian is an ancestral worship hallinside the Forbidden City where the emperor’s family of the Ming and Qing Dynasties offered sacrifices to their ancestors, ranking second only to the Imperial Ancestral Temple (Tai Miao). Fengxian Dian was built in the Ming Dynasty and destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. It was reconstructed during the reign of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, and the existing buildings were mainly built in the Kangxi period, which is recorded in the archives. Fengxian Dian preserves a few extant colored paintings of the early Qingdynasty, which is the precious material to study the decorative paintings art in this period.The pigment samples from the Fengxian Dian were analyzed and identified for the first time using microscopic observation, laser Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS.The results show that there is a stratification phenomenon in some red and blue color layers. What’s more, the color of the surface layer is brighter, while the color of the middle layer and the lower layer is light, and the pigment formula used in each layer is different. The red pigments are vermilion(HgS), red lead (Pb3O4) and red ochre (Fe2O3), green pigment is atacamite [CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2], blue pigment is azurite [2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2], white pigments are lead white [2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2]. Light color pigment is mineral pigments mixed with white pigment dominated by lead white. Among them, the light red color pigment is composed of red lead and lead white, and the light green color pigment is made of atacamite and lead white. However, no lead white is found in light blue, and kaolin [Al2Si2O5(OH)4] is speculated because of many Al and Si elements present. The light blue color pigment is probably composed of azurite and kaolin. The absence of synthetic pigments such as ultramarine and emerald green, which were commonly used in the late Qing dynasty, confirms no major reparation of the polychrome paintings in Fengxian Dian after the Kangxi period. It is rare to use kaolin as the white pigment to confect light pigments. The discovery of kaolin in colored paintings of Fengxian Dian has enriched the materials of pigment production of the early Qing Dynasty, which have certain academic significance.
|
|
Received: 2021-05-27
Accepted: 2021-08-10
|
|
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
HAN Xiang-na
E-mail: jayna422@ustb.edu.cn
|
|
[1] JIANG Shun-yuan(姜舜源). Palace Museum Journal(故宫博物院院刊), 1987, (3): 15.
[2] XU Yi-lin(许以林). Palace Museum Journal(故宫博物院院刊), 1989, (1): 70.
[3] LIU Hong-wu(刘鸿武). Historical Archives(历史档案), 2009, (3): 53.
[4] WANG Zi-lin(王子林). Journal of Gugong Studies(故宫学刊), 2018, (1): 295.
[5] LI Lu-ke, SHI Yi-yuan, SONG Wen-wen(李路珂, 石艺苑, 宋文雯). Palace Museum Journal(故宫博物院院刊), 2021, (4): 65.
[6] LEI Zhong-bin, WU Yu-qing, ZHANG Tao, et al(雷中宾, 吴玉清, 张 涛, 等). Surface Technology(表面技术), 2017, 46(2): 8.
[7] ZHANG Xi-huan(章西焕). China Non-Metallic Mining Industry Herald(中国非金属矿工业导刊), 2020, (4): 10.
[8] XIA Yin(夏 寅). Wenbo(文博), 2009, (6): 342.
[9] LI Yue, LIU Meng-yu(李 越, 刘梦雨). Palace Museum Journal(故宫博物院院刊), 2018, (6): 45.
[10] LI Jing(李 晶). Scientific Research on Chinese Cultural Relics(中国文物科学研究), 2014, (4): 86.
[11] JI Juan, ZHANG Jia-feng(纪 娟, 张家峰). Dunhuang Research(敦煌研究), 2011, (6): 109.
[12] LI Jing, WU Yu-qing, WANG Ju-lin(李 静, 吴玉清, 王菊琳). Urban Construction Theory Research(城市建设理论研究), 2019, (17): 184.
[13] YANG Hong, LIU Meng-yu(杨 红, 刘梦雨). Journal of Gugong Studies(故宫学刊), 2016, (1): 221.
[14] ZHOU Guo-xin(周国信). Coatings Industry(涂料工业), 1990, (4): 43.
|
| [1] |
WANG Gan-lin1, LIU Qian1, LI Ding-ming1, YANG Su-liang1*, TIAN Guo-xin1, 2*. Quantitative Analysis of NO-3，SO2-4，ClO-4 With Water as Internal Standard by Raman Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(06): 1855-1861. |
| [2] |
HUANG Bin, DU Gong-zhi, HOU Hua-yi*, HUANG Wen-juan, CHEN Xiang-bai*. Raman Spectroscopy Study of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(06): 1679-1683. |
| [3] |
ZHU Xiang1, 2*, YUAN Chao-sheng1, CHENG Xue-rui1, LI Tao1, ZHOU Song1, ZHANG Xin1, DONG Xing-bang1, LIANG Yong-fu2, WANG Zheng2. Study on Performances of Transmitting Pressure and Measuring Pressure of [C4mim][BF4] by Using Spectroscopic Techniques[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(06): 1674-1678. |
| [4] |
WANG Ming-xuan, WANG Qiao-yun*, PIAN Fei-fei, SHAN Peng, LI Zhi-gang, MA Zhen-he. Quantitative Analysis of Diabetic Blood Raman Spectroscopy Based on XGBoost[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(06): 1721-1727. |
| [5] |
LI Qing1, 2, XU Li1, 2, PENG Shan-gui1, 2, LUO Xiao1, 2, ZHANG Rong-qin1, 2, YAN Zhu-yun3, WEN Yong-sheng1, 2*. Research on Identification of Danshen Origin Based on Micro-Focused
Raman Spectroscopy Technology[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(06): 1774-1780. |
| [6] |
WANG Zhong, WAN Dong-dong, SHAN Chuang, LI Yue-e, ZHOU Qing-guo*. A Denoising Method Based on Back Propagation Neural Network for
Raman Spectrum[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(05): 1553-1560. |
| [7] |
FU Qiu-yue1, FANG Xiang-lin1, ZHAO Yi2, QIU Xun1, WANG Peng1, LI Shao-xin1*. Research Progress of Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Drug Resistance
Detection Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Technology[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(05): 1339-1345. |
| [8] |
YAN Ling-tong, LI Li, SUN He-yang, XU Qing, FENG Song-lin*. Spectrometric Investigation of Structure Hydroxyl in Traditional Ceramics[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(05): 1361-1365. |
| [9] |
ZHAO Yong1, HE Men-yuan1, WANG Bo-lin2, ZHAO Rong2, MENG Zong1*. Classification of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Strains Based on
One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network and
Raman Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(05): 1439-1444. |
| [10] |
LI Meng-meng1, TENG Ya-jun2, TAN Hong-lin1, ZU En-dong1*. Study on Freshwater Cultured White Pearls From Anhui Province Based on Chromaticity and Raman Spectra[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(05): 1504-1507. |
| [11] |
JIAO Ruo-nan, LIU Kun*, KONG Fan-yi, WANG Ting, HAN Xue, LI Yong-jiang, SUN Chang-sen. Research on Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy Detection of
Microplastics in Seawater and Sand[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(04): 1022-1027. |
| [12] |
ZHANG Li-sheng. Photocatalytic Properties Based on Graphene Substrate[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(04): 1058-1063. |
| [13] |
LÜ Yang, PEI Jing-cheng*, GAO Ya-ting, CHEN Bo-yu. Chemical Constituents and Spectra Characterization of Gem-Grade
Triplite[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(04): 1204-1208. |
| [14] |
REN Yong-tian, HU Yi, CHEN Jun, CHEN Jun*. Study on Compressed Sensing Method for Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Isotope Hydrogen Gas[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(03): 776-782. |
| [15] |
FU Ying-ying, ZHANG Ping, ZHENG Da-wei , LIN Tai-feng*, WANG Hui-qin, WU Xi-hao, SONG Jia-chen. Preparation and SERS Performance of Au-Nylon Flexible Membrane Substrate[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(03): 692-698. |
|
|
|
|
