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| X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Combined With SEM-EDS Analysis to Glaze Composition of Glazed Tiles in Yuan Dynasty |
| SHI Ruo-yu1, WEN Rui1*, GAO Xiang2, WANG Wen-xuan1, BAO Li-ge3, ZHAO Xue-feng4, LI Zi-xuan1, CAO Kun1, XIAO Wei1, LI Yu-long1 |
1. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation (Northwest University), School of Cultural Heritage (Northwest University)，Xi’an 710127, China
2. School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710075, China
3. Yuan Shangdu Cultural Heritage Administration, Xilingol League 027200, China
4. Management Office of Yuan Zhongdu Heritage Protection Zone, Zhangjiakou 076450, China |
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Abstract The glazed tile production technology of the Yuan Dynasty was inherited from the Song and Liao dynasties, which had an important impact on Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was a transitional period for the development of glazed tile production technology in China. The glazed tiles used in Shangdu and Zhongdu of the Yuan Dynasty represent the highest glazed tile production technology in the early and middle Yuan Dynasty. In order to explore the manufacturing technology and process characteristics of glazed tiles in different periods of Yuan Dynasty, this paper analyzes the composition of glaze layer of glazed tiles unearthed from the Yuanshangdu and the Yuanzhongdu by EDXRF and SEM-EDS, combined with archaeological data and related literature.The results show that the glaze layer of the Yuanshangdu and the Yuanzhongdu includes glaze and clay, and the thickness of clay is between 122 and 260 μm. The glaze of Shangdu Malachite blue glazed tile belongs to the PbO-K2O-SiO2 system, which is similar to that of Yuandu Malachite a blue glaze. The raw materials are composed of quartz, nitrate, lead powder and copper powder. The structure of blue glazed tile is compact, and the content of Cao and SiO2 is more than 20%. The raw materials may be anorthite and clay, which should be a part of the glaze. Shangdu green glaze and Zhongdu green glaze yellow glaze tile glaze are both Pbo-SiO2 systems. The basic raw materials are quartz, lead powder, and colorants are copper and iron respectively. The formula of green glaze in the Yuanshangdu is close to that of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the formula of glaze is also in line with the records of “Yingzao Fashi”, but the proportion of lead is gradually reduced to obtain lighter glaze color which is stable in the middle of Yuan Dynasty. The Pb/Si of yellow glazed tile in the Yuanzhongdu is similar to that of the Yuandadu, and the formula is gradually fixed in the exploration during middle period of Yuan Dynasty which is the basis of improving glaze during middle period of Ming Dynasty. All the glazed tiles’ glaze is closely combined with body and slip. The clay has a high content of Ca and a thin thickness. It is likely to be Ca(OH)2. The craftsman can not only save the cost but also improve the product quality when applying the clay. The three kinds of glaze colors belong to PbO-K2O-SiO2 and PbO-SiO2 systems respectively, with obvious differences in composition materials. They are all used in architectural decoration, which greatly enriches the glaze color of the glass. The application of make-up clay in glass technology is also an innovation. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy has the characteristics of fast analysis and stable state, which has been widely used in the research of glazed tile. The research results of glazed tile in Shangdu and Zhongdu of Yuan Dynasty supplement the research data of glazed tile in the Yuan Dynasty, and provide some scientific basis for exploring the development history of glazed tile technology in China.
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Received: 2020-12-10
Accepted: 2021-03-14
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Corresponding Authors:
WEN Rui
E-mail: rwen80@163.com
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