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| Weathering Mechanisms of Stone Sculptures at the Ming Imperial Mausoleum in Fengyang, China |
| HUANG Huang1, WANG Yu-long2, SHI Yu-chen1, ZHANG Bin-bin3, TANG Geng-sheng4 |
1. Laboratory of Scientific Archaeology and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
2. Hanzhong Museum, Hanzhong 723000, China
3. Department of Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
4. Fengyang Museum, Fengyang 233100, China
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Abstract In this study, a systematic analysis of the weathering damage of stone sculptures in the Ming Dynasty Emperor's Mausoleum in Fengyang, Anhui Province, was carried out, and the material properties and weathering mechanisms of the statues were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and super depth-of-field 3D microscopic techniques. XRD analysis shows that the stone is dominated by calcareous carbonate composed of quartz, dolomite, aragonite, and calcite, and the black pollutants on the surface mainly originate from MgO produced by the weathering of dolomite and the sulfide FeS. XRF detection showed the widespread presence of Ca, Si, Fe, S, Cl, etc., in which Cl- and SO2-4 destroy the structure of the stone through soluble salt cycle crystallization, leading to scaling. Ultra-depth of field microscopy reveals that salt spray corrosion significantly reduces the density of quartz particles. Water absorption experiments confirm that the average water absorption rate of the stone is related to the difference in water content, which is influenced by the local environment. The results indicate that since the statues are not buried in the earth and are shallowly affected by groundwater, it is the air humidity and precipitation that accelerate the process of erosion by soluble salts. It is recommended that surface encapsulation materials be used to isolate moisture and contaminants. The results provide a scientific basis for the protection of stone carvings in the Ming Dynasty Emperor's Mausoleum, revealing the mechanism of multifactorial synergistic destruction of open-air stone cultural relics.
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Received: 2025-05-15
Accepted: 2025-09-08
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