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| Research Progress in the Design of Carbazole-Based Organic Room
Temperature Phosphorescence Materials |
| WANG Xiao-ao1, ZHAO Lu1, BAI Yun-feng1, 2*, FENG Feng1* |
1. Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biosensing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
2. School of Agriculture and Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
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Abstract Organic room temperature phosphorescence (oRTP) materials have the advantages of good processability, excellent biocompatibility, low biotoxicity, and low cost, which have become the focus of functional materials research. Among them, carbazole-based oRTP materials have been rapidly developed -in terms of molecular structure design, performance regulation, and optimization, and have been more widely used in anti-counterfeiting, biooptical imaging, information encryption, and other applications. Carbazole is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound with a rigid planar conjugated structure and excellent hole transport properties and thermal stability. In addition, carbazole's planarization structure is conducive to intermolecular stacking interaction, thus strengthening the intermolecular electron coupling effect and stabilizing the triplet excitons. In addition, carbazole, as an excellent chromophore, has been extensively modified to obtain better RTP properties. This paper describes the luminescence mechanism of oRTP materials. It summarizes the design strategies of carbazole-based oRTP materials with long phosphor lifetime, including: (1) Intermolecular electron coupling: face-to-face packing or H-aggregation can stabilize triplet excitons, which is generally conducive to efficient and long-lived RTP. (2) Spin-orbit coupling: the strong spin-orbit coupling of heavy atoms can efficiently promote intersystem crossing (ISC) of electrons from the first electron excited singlet state to the lowest excited triplet state (S1-T1) or from singlet state to triplet state (Sn-T<i>n, n≥1) and induce phosphorescence emission. (3) Exciton separation systems: by constructing a distorted donor-acceptor system, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are separated, thereby reducing the energy gap (ΔEST) between singlet and triplet states and increasing the intersystem crossing rate (kISC).(4) Polymer encapsulation system: polymer encapsulation can build a dense and rigid external environment to effectively inhibit non-radiative transition and oxygen diffusion, significantly improve RTP efficiency, and extend RTP life. (5) Hydrogen bond system: the interaction of hydrogen bonds greatly weakens molecular vibration and non-radiation inactivation, improves its tolerance to temperature, and can shield water and oxygen. Then, the application of carbazole-based oRTP materials in anti-counterfeiting and other aspects is introduced. Finally, the challenges faced in this field and the research directions worthy of attention are discussed. In summary, challenges and opportunities coexist; it can be expected that -research on carbazole-based oRTP materials will become a new shining point in the field of organic luminescent materials. With continuous exploration and innovation, such materials will likely show a broader application prospect in the future.
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Received: 2025-01-13
Accepted: 2025-04-24
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Corresponding Authors:
BAI Yun-feng, FENG Feng
E-mail: baiyunfeng1130@126.com；feng-feng64@263.net
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