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2010 Vol. 30, No. 07 Published: 2010-07-01

光谱学与光谱分析

	1729	Optical Parameters of Er³⁺ in Er³⁺∶YVO₄
		CHEN Ying¹，CHEN Xiao-bo^1*，CHEN Luan¹，LIU Da-he¹，SONG Zeng-fu²，LI Yong-liang¹，LI Song¹， ZENG Yong-zhi³，WU Zheng-long¹，ZHANG Chun-lin^4，5，WANG Ya-fei¹，GUO Jing-hua¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1729-05
		In the present paper the authors firstly measured the absorption spectra of Er3+ in the sample Er³⁺∶YVO₄ (0.5%), then calculated the intensity parameters are calculated by using the Judd—Ofelt theory. After that the authors dealed with some predicted spectroscopic parameters, such as the oscillator strength, spontaneous radiative transition rate, branching ratio and integrated emission cross section. And Er∶YVO₄ crystal application value has been analyzed with the optical parameters. Especially there are large oscillator strengths and large integrated emission cross sections in the transitions of ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2, 2H_11/2→⁴I_15/2, ⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2, and ⁴F_9/2→⁴I_15/2. So, they are more worth of attention. Moreover, by comparing the Er-doped yttrium vanadate crystal and other Er-doped crystal optical properties, the authors can see the advantages of YVO₄ as laser crystal. Finally, the authors discussed the splitting of the energy levels of Er³⁺ in the crystal YVO₄ based on the group theory.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1729-1733 [Abstract] ( 2294 ) PDF (1307 KB) ( 402 )

	1734	Improvement in the Calculation of Anti-Stokes Energy Transfer between Rare Earth Ions1. Experiment and Theoretical Basis
		CHEN Xiao-bo¹, WANG Ce¹, LI Song¹, Naruhito Sawanobori², KANG Dong-guo³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1734-04
		A photonic phenomenon of fluorescence intensity reverse between red and green fluorescence was studied theoretically and experimentally in the present article. It was found by experiment that Er(0.5)Yb(9.5)∶FOV oxyfluoride vitroceramics exhibits strong fluorescence intensity reverse phenomenon. The range of the intensity reverse of Er(0.5)Yb(9.5)∶FOV was measured to be 877. Moreover, all basic spectroscopic parameters were calculated. The theoretical basis of numerical calculation for dynamics processes of all levels was established.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1734-1737 [Abstract] ( 1133 ) PDF (1228 KB) ( 383 )

	1738	LIF Spectroscopic Study of OH Radical
		LI Jiong, DENG Lun-hua, MOU Zong-shuai, CHEN Yang-qin, YANG Xiao-hua^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1738-05
		Hydroxyl radical molecular beam was generated by DC pulsed high voltage discharge. The rotational resolution excitation fluorescence spectra of the OH A ²Σ⁺-X ²Π (1, 0) band were observed by using second harmonious output of a nanosecond dye laser (around 282 nm). The rotational temperature of the (1, 0) band was determined to be (30±1) K based on the analysis of the intensity distribution of the H spectra. Moreover, the fluorescence decay curves of the (1, 1) band and the (0, 0) band and were obtained and the fluorescence lifetimes of A ²Σ⁺ (ｖ′=1) state and the X ²Π (ｖ″=0) state were fitted to be (637±16) and (675±13) ns, respectively.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1738-1742 [Abstract] ( 1270 ) PDF (1779 KB) ( 423 )

	1743	Third Harmonic Enhancement and Spectral Analysis within Plasma Channel Based on Pump-Probe Effect
		WANG Yan-ling, WU Hong, DING Liang-en^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1743-05
		The experiment realized third harmonic enhancement by using non-collinear dual plasma channels based on pump-probe effect. The coupling action between pump and probe beams can improve saturation effect within filament and overcome the limitation of harmonic enhancement due to intensity clamping. By non-collinearly focusing two ultrafast pulses in air which have respectively a single pulse energy of 4.4 and 10.2 mJ, both with duration of 60fs and central wavelength of 810 nm, dual filaments as well as weak third harmonics can be generated. When strong beam is ahead of weak one, the former induces a plasma channel in advance which can modulate later weak beam and make obvious harmonic increase produced by probe beam. It was found that oscillation variation of spectral bandwidth in the region of harmonic energy increased significantly. When two beams intersect in a small angle of 27.3 mrad about 15 mm before geometric focus and the probe beam lags behind about 55 fs, the energy increase rate nearly reaches 70, and the corresponding spectral bandwidth is approximately 5 nm.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1743-1747 [Abstract] ( 1162 ) PDF (2023 KB) ( 497 )

	1748	Identification and Classification of Textiles Based on Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy
		CAO Bing-hua¹,FAN Meng-bao², JING Sheng-yu²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1748-04
		A method to discriminate textiles was proposed based on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS) and clustering analysis, and some typical cotton textiles were investigated to prove its feasibility. Their time domain waveforms were measured using THz-TDS system and then their absorption spectra were obtained. Principal component analysis(PCA) was applied to extract features of the data, and then Mahalanobis distance discriminant method was employed to classify these materials. The results show that this method can classify these five textiles accurately. It indicates that the method to classify textiles is feasible which combines PCA and Mahalanobis distance discriminant method based on their THz absorption spectra. The proposed method has a potential for identifying textiles of similar composition.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1748-1751 [Abstract] ( 581 ) PDF (1479 KB) ( 584 )

	1752	Influence of the Active Layer Thickness on the Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
		LIU Xiao-dong, ZHANG Fu-jun^*, XU Zheng, ZHAO Su-ling, SONG Jing-lu, LI Jun-ming, SONG Dan-dan, WANG Yong-sheng
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1752-04
		Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells based on the blend of MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]) and PCBM (1-(3-mehyloxycarbonyl)propy1-phenyl[6,6]C₆₁) were fabricated. The thickness of the active layer was controlled by changing the concentration of MEH-PPV∶PCBM (1∶4 in weight ratio) solution and spin speeds. Investigation of the effects of active layer thicknesses on the performance of the photovoltaic devices indicates that, when the spin-coated speeds are lower than 4 000 r·min^-1 (round per minute), the open-circit voltage (V_oc) remains almost unchanged at approximately 0.8 V, whereas the short-circuit density (J_sc) monotonically increases and the fill factor (FF) decreases slightly. The spin speeds that are higher than 5 000 r·min^-1 rpm result in the V_oc and J_sc both reduced. The V_oc decreases from 0.78 V at the spin-speed of 5 000 r·min^-1 to 0.67 V at 8 000 r·min^-1, and the J_sc even decreases from 3.96 mA·cm^-2 at 5 000 r·min^-1 to 1.76 mA·cm^-2 at 8 000 r·min^-1. J_sc depends on the mutual impact of light absorption and carrier transport, while a contradicting effect from the two aspects is caused by varying the thickness of the active layer. The thicker the active layer, the more the excitons induced by light absorption. However, the build-in electric field becomes weaker and the pathway becomes longer for transporting the opposite charge carriers derived from exiciton separation to their corresponding electrodes at the same time, which makes the probability of charges collection by respective electrodes lower. With respect to the reduced V_oc, it may be attributed to the increased proportion of exciton dissociation at the interfaces of MEH-PPV and PCBM with the relevant electrodes.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1752-1755 [Abstract] ( 731 ) PDF (1643 KB) ( 572 )

	1756	Investigation on the Electron Density of a Micro-Plasma Jet Operated at Atmospheric Pressure
		LI Xue-chen, ZHAO Na^*, LIU Wei-yuan, LIU Zhi-qiang
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1756-03
		In the present paper, a micro-hollow cathode discharge setup was used to generate micro-plasma jet in flowing mixture of Ar and N₂ at atmospheric pressure. The characteristics of the micro-plasma jet were investigated by means of optical method and electrical one. It has been found that breakdown occurs in the gas between the two electrodes when the input power of electric source is increased to a certain value. Plasma appears along the gas flow direction when the mixed gas flows from the aperture of the micro-hollow cathode, and the length of plasma reaches 4 mm. The discharge current is quasi-continuous, and the duration of discharge pulse is about 0.1 μs. Electron density was studied by using Einstein equation and Stark broadening of spectral lines from the emission spectrum respectively. It was found that the results of electron density calculated by the two methods are consistent with the order of 10¹⁵·cm^-3. It was also found that the electron density is almost independent of power. A qualitative explanation to the phenomenon is given based on the gas discharge theory.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1756-1758 [Abstract] ( 2059 ) PDF (1367 KB) ( 435 )

	1759	Determination of Brix and POL in Sugar Cane Juice by Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with BP-ANN
		WANG Xin¹, YE Hua-jun¹, LI Qing-tao², XIE Jin-chun¹, LU Jia-jiong², XIA A-lin³, WANG Jian^3*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1759-04
		The models of quantitative analysis of brix and pol in sugar cane juice were established by using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) coupled with the back propagation-artifical neural network method (BP-ANN). The spectra of cane juice samples were obtained by the way of 2 mm optical length transmission and using the NIR spectrometer of 1 000-1 800 nm wavelength. Firstly, the data of original spectra were pretreated by Savitzky-Golay derivative and mean-centering. Secondly, the wavelength range of model was optimized by using correlation coefficient method coupled with the characteristic absorbance of the spectrum. Finally, the principal components, obtained by PLS dimension-reducing, were inputed into BP-ANN. The calibration models were established by calibration set and validated by prediction set. The results showed that the related coefficients (R²) of prediction for brix and pol were 0.982 and 0.979, respectively; and the standard errors of prediction (SEP) for brix and pol were 0.159 and 0.137, respectively. BP-ANN was more accurate in the predition of brix and pol compared with the partial least square method (PLS). The method can be applied to fast and accurate determintaton of brix and pol in sugar cane juice.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1759-1762 [Abstract] ( 1398 ) PDF (1386 KB) ( 394 )

	1763	Investigation on the Difference in HCHO Metabolic Mechanism between Arabidopsis and Tobacco Using FTIR
		SONG Zhong-bang¹, MEI Yan¹, CHENG Qin^{1, 2}，ZHANG Dao-jun¹, HUANG Shu-shi^1,2, CHEN Li-mei^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1763-05
		In the present study, the model plants, arabidopsis and tobacco, were chosen for FTIR analysis to investigate the spectrum characters and the changes in their chemical component contents in the time course of HCHO treatment, providing clues to explain the difference in HCHO metabolic mechanism between the two plants. The FTIR data showed that all the chemical components of arabidopsis and tobacco varied under HCHO stress conditions. An interested peak near 1 376 cm^-1 which was assigned as the absorption of methyl group of cellulose was specially existed in the spectrum of arabidopsis. This peak showed a mild decrease compared with other peaks at the beginning (at 1 day) of HCHO stress. This indicated that the major part of HCHO metabolic flux was introduced towards its oxidation pathway to form HCOOH and CO₂ subsequently and only small amount of HCHO entered the other pathways. The CO₂ was assimilated in Calvin cycle to form sugars which might be used to synthesis of cellulose later. At 7 day of HCHO treatment, the height of the peak decreased whereas the height of the other peaks still increased. This might suggest that the gene expression of some enzymes in the HCHO oxidation pathway was inhibited under HCHO stress conditions and the inhibition might not happen to the gene expression of the enzymes in other pathways. In the case of tobacco, the contents of all chemical components showed the same variation on the FTIR spectrum in the time course of HCHO treatment, which indicated that there was no much difference in HCHO metabolism flux in each pathway. At 4 day of HCHO treatment, the decrease in the height of all peaks is the result of the poor ability of HCHO metabolism of tobacco, which also demonstrated the lower HCHO tolerance of tobacco compared with arabidopsis.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1763-1767 [Abstract] ( 1773 ) PDF (1618 KB) ( 477 )

	1768	Edaphic FTIR Finger Print and the Area Choice of Chinese Herb Culture
		ZHAO Hui-hui¹, WANG Wei¹, CHEN Jian-xin¹, HOU Na², ZHAO Ping³, KUANG Zhao-jin⁴, LIU Yang-qing^4*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1768-06
		In order to search for the difference of the soil of Chinese herb growth, and provide useful information for the area choice of Chinese herb culture, 53 soil samples were detected by FTIR. The results showed that all the samples have 8 peaks at 3 621, 3 425, 1 642, 1 435, 1 029, 878, 760 and 690 cm^-1, respectively, but the relative intensity is different. In addition, the peaks at 1 796, 2 982 and 2 874 cm^-1 show difference too. This can be used to distinguish soil in different area. The study also showed that soil in Tianshui and Dingxi of Gansu province are similar to that in Shanxi province. Conclusions: FTIR finger print of soil can provide useful information for the area choice of Chinese herb culture and transplantation and can be used in the study of soil.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1768-1773 [Abstract] ( 1719 ) PDF (3097 KB) ( 609 )

	1774	Study on the Identification of Radix Scutellariae and Extract Using Fourier Transsform Infrared Spectroscopy and Two-Dimensional IR Correlation Spectroscopy
		ZHANG Chun-hui¹, ZHANG Gui-jun^1*, SUN Su-qin², TU Ya²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1774-06
		2D-IR correlation spectroscopy was used to do the research on crude and prepared drug of radix scutellariae and the extracts of them.The results show that the holistic shape of peaks among them are similar in the FTIR spectra. In second derivative spectra, the two absorption peaks: 1 745 and 1 411 cm^-1 of processed products move to the bigger wavenumber direction, while 1 357 cm^-1 of processed products moves to the smaller wavenumber direction; There are conspicuous differences in Two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy among them: Four characteristic peaks are shown between 1 300 and 1 800 cm^-1. The intensity of peak at 1 575 cm^-1 is the strongest. There are three main districts about the autopeaks of sliced scutellariae. Wine-fried scutellariae has two auto-peak districts, in which all the auto-peaks are positively correlated. The FTIR spectra of total glycoside extract of different samples present characteristic peaks at 1 615, 1 585, 1 450 cm^-1(vibration of phenyl framework) and 1 658 cm^-1(CO)respectively, therefore, the authors speculated that their mutual component is the compound of phenolic glycoside. The two-dimensional infrared correlation spectra present five automatic peaks (vibration of phenyl framework) in 800-1 800 cm^-1(1 366，1 420，1 508，1 585，1 669 cm^-1). So the authors can conclude that a lot of information can be provided by macro-fingerprint technology of infrared spectroscopy which can evaluate overall quality of radix scutellariae accurately and be used to study the characteristics of relevance of crude and prepared scutellariae.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1774-1779 [Abstract] ( 1717 ) PDF (3283 KB) ( 818 )

	1780	Study on the Conversion of Acrylic CC Double Bonds during Dark Reaction after UV Curing Using Infrared Spectroscopy
		MA Guo-zhang^{1, 2}，WU Jian-bing²，XU Bing-she^{1, 3}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1780-05
		Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine 1 648-1 589 cm^-1 characteristic absorption peak area so as to study the conversation of acrylic CC double bonds after UV curing. The effects of phototinitiators, active diluents and UV curing resins on the conversion of CC double bonds were also investigated. The results showed that 40%-85% of CC double bonds were conversed during dark reaction after 45 s UV curing. Dark reaction will be changed gently after 1.75 h, but 95% conversion of CC double bonds needed more than 24 h. The rates of polymerization and conversation were affected by photoinitiators, the concentration of photoinitiator, oxygen inhibition, and CC functional groups of active diluents. The rate of polymerization was affected by the CC functional groups and types of UV curing resins, but conversation was not.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1780-1784 [Abstract] ( 1304 ) PDF (1283 KB) ( 619 )

	1785	Study of Regeneration Based on SERS Labelled Immunoassay
		GE Ming^{1, 2}, YAO Jian-lin¹, SUN Ru¹, GU Ren-ao^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1785-04
		Labelled immunoassay by surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) has great research and application value. It combines SERS which has the high sensitivity and high selectivity with specific adsorption in immunology. The present paper mainly studies the regeneration about SERS labelled immunoassay, striving to develop the recycling value of it. The authors used glycine-HCl eluent for the sandwich structure including solid matrix antibody, antigen and labelled immuno-gold colloids, then the authors had got expected result. The complex of antibody and antigen would be separated by changing the pH scale. It could elute the most antigen and the labelled immuno-gold colloids. Also the authors could assemble it again and distinguish the characteristic SERS spectrum of the reporter molecules. Under this condition, we researched the stability and reusing of this technology. The authors found that it has better stability and it retained activity after 10 recycles of applications.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1785-1788 [Abstract] ( 1104 ) PDF (1701 KB) ( 408 )

	1789	Study on the Treatment Turquoise Using Raman Spectroscopy
		CHEN Quan-li¹，YUAN Xin-qiang¹，CHEN Jing-zhong²，QI Li-jian³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1789-04
		Due to a variety of the enhancement and treatment turquoises discovered in gem markets, the identification of turquoise is becoming more and more difficult. By using laser Raman spectroscopy analysis, the characteristics of Raman spectra of the pressed and filled turquoises were studied. The results show that laser Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique to identify the enhancement and treatment turquoises and the natural ones, moreover, it’s a non-destructive testing method. The Raman spectra of the enhancement and treatment turquoises are resulted mainly from the vibrational mode and frequency of water, hydroxyl units, PO₄ tetrahedron and CH₂ units. Besides, they have the characteristic Raman spectra peaks at 2 937, 2 883 and 1 451 cm^-1 which are attributed to the stretching vibration and the bending vibration of CH₂, respectively. These characteristic Raman vibration bands, it will help to distinguish the natural turquoises and the treatment ones. The study provides a new train of thought on the rapid, accurate, and non-destructive identification of turquoise.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1789-1792 [Abstract] ( 1172 ) PDF (1357 KB) ( 607 )

	1793	Effect of Technological Parameters of Sputtering on the Microstructure of Silicon Film Investigated by Raman Analysis
		TIAN Gui, ZHU Jia-qi^*, HAN Jie-cai, JIANG Chun-zhu, JIA Ze-chun
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1793-05
		In order to facilitate optical polishing of silicon carbide space telescope, in the present paper, silicon film, which has similar coefficient of thermal expansion with silicon carbide, was fabricated on SiC substrate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of substrate temperature, radio frequency power, and substrate bias voltage was investigated by Raman scattering. The results indicate that at lower substrate temperature, the crystalline volume fraction of Si films increases with the increase in deposition temperature. Exceeding a certain temperature, the crystalline volume fraction decreases with further increasing deposition temperature; the increase in substrate bias voltage is bad for forming crystalline structure; the effect of radio power on microstructure of silicon film is comparatively complicated. As the rf power increases, the cluster size and crystallite volume fraction decrease, and both of them increase with further increasing the rf power. But when the rf power is too high, the crystallite volume fraction of the silicon film will decrease slightly.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1793-1797 [Abstract] ( 1677 ) PDF (1967 KB) ( 761 )

	1798	Raman Spectra Quantitative Analysis on Materials with Strong Fluorescence Background
		WU Zheng-jie¹, HUANG Yao-xiong^1*, WANG Cheng², LI Shao-fa²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1798-04
		Aiming at the difficulty of Raman spectra quantitative analysis on materials with strong fluorescence background, together with baseline correction, a new normalization method was performed for concentration quantitative analysis of two kinds of solutions which exhibit strong fluorescence background, the methanol solutions with different concentrations and the mixed solutions of ethanol and methanol with different ratios of concentration. Meanwhile, the data fluctuation caused by collecting spectra data at different space-time was investigated by using statistical method of randomized blocks analysis of variance to evaluate the data fluctuation among different sample groups, and the function of our method proposed in this paper to eliminate this data fluctuation was discussed. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can not only obtain satisfied accuracy for Raman spectra quantitative analysis on methanol with strong fluorescence background, with the mean relative error being 4.7%, but also effectively eliminate the data fluctuation among different sample groups, and the relative standard deviation of them was only 4.2%, indicating that it is possible to carry out simple, quick and precise quantitative determination of sample content for the materials with strong fluorescence background.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1798-1801 [Abstract] ( 1992 ) PDF (1054 KB) ( 858 )

	1802	Study on the Vibrational Spectra of 3,5-Dimethoxybenzyl Alcohol
		HAN Yun-xia¹, SHI Ling-feng², HAN Li-gang¹, TAO Ya-ping¹, MO Yu-jun^1，2*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1802-04
		3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (L₁OH) is a kind of important pharmaceutical intermediate and it is also the starting material of a family of dendrimer LnOH (integer n means the layers of “branch”). A number of articles reported the structure and properties of the L₁OH. However, its molecular vibrational spectra have not been reported up to date. Study of vibrational spectra on L₁OH at the molecular level can provide new information, which is significant for the in-depth study of related molecules of drug and the dendrimer. Recent studies indicated a morphology effect on the light-harvesting functions of dendritic macromolecules. In the present report, the Raman and FTIR spectra of 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol were measured experimentally. And the density functional theory (DFT) method (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) were used to calculate the equilibrium geometry and vibration frequencies of L₁OH. The results showed that the calculated frequencies agree well with the experimental ones. Potential energy distribution of each frequency was worked out by normal mode analysis. Thereafter the authors got a detail assignment of the vibrational frequencies for L₁OH for the first time. Also, the results showed that the DFT is really a useful method in the study of molecular vibrational spectra.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1802-1805 [Abstract] ( 1650 ) PDF (1111 KB) ( 418 )

	1806	Comparative Study on UV Fluorescence Characteristics of Su Liquor
		ZHENG Lei¹，ZHU Tuo^2*，CHEN Guo-qing²，KONG Yan²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1806-05
		In the present paper，the authors studied Guoyuan and Yanghe which are the most representative types of Su liquor. The authors got the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of the liquor and analyzed their unique characteristics. Guyuan has obvious characteristics of the fluorescence in the 280-400 nm excitation wavelength range, including a major peak of fluorescence. Yanghe contains five clear fluorescence peaks in the 200-450 nm range of excitation wavelength. The two series of liquor have clear fluorescent characteristics in the 310-350 nm range of excitation wavelength, The range includes some organic compounds which play a decisive role in taste and flavor of Su liquor. The result of research provides a scientific basis for improving the mixing process of Su liquor and enhancing the quality of liquor.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1806-1810 [Abstract] ( 1781 ) PDF (2911 KB) ( 433 )

	1811	Measurement of Chlorophyll Content in Wheat Leaves Using Hyperspectral Scanning
		HUANG Hui，WANG Wei，PENG Yan-kun^*, WU Jian-hu，GAO Xiao-dong，WANG Xiu，ZHANG Jing
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1811-04
		The objective of the present research was to evaluate the potential of hyperspectral scanning as a way for nondestructive measurement of chlorophyll content in wheat leaves, which can indicates the plant healthy status. One hundred twenty samples were randomly picked from Xiao Tangshan farm. Ninety samples were used as calibration set and others were used for verification set. After capturing hyperspectral image in the range of 400-1 000 nm，the chlorophyll contents of samples were measured immediately. Four different mathematical treatments were used in spectra processing in the wavelength range of 491-887 nm：multiplicative scatter correction (MSC)，first derivative correction，and second derivative correction. Statistical models were developed using partial least square regression (PLSR)，and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) analysis technique. The results showed that the best calibration model was obtained by PLSR analysis，after processing spectra with MSC and second derivate, with a relatively higher coefficient of determination of calibration (0.82) and validation (0.79) respectively, a relatively lower RMSEC value (0.69), and a small difference between RMSEC (0.69) and RMSEP (0.71). The results indicate that it is feasible to use hyperspectral scanning technique for nondestructive measurement of chlorophyll content in wheat leaves.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1811-1814 [Abstract] ( 1156 ) PDF (1469 KB) ( 455 )

	1815	Study of Spatially Resolved Hyperspectral Scattering Images for Assessing Beef Quality Characteristics
		WU Jian-hu, PENG Yan-kun^*, CHEN Jing-jing, WANG Wei, GAO Xiao-dong, HUANG Hui
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1815-05
		Hyperspectral scattering techniques were used to predict beef pH, tenderness(i.e. WBSF: Warner-Bratzler Shear Force) and color parameters. Thirty-three fresh strip loin cuts were collected from 2-day postmortem carcass. After capturing scattering images and measuring pH values, the samples were vacuum packaged and aged to seventh day, then their color parameters (L^, a^, b^) and WBSF were measured as references. The optical scattering profiles were extracted from the hyperspectral images and fitted to the Lorentzian distribution (LD) function with three parameters. LD parameters, such as the peak height, full scattering width at half maximum (FWHM) and the scattering asymptotic were calculated at individual wavelength. Stepwise regression was used to determine optimal combinations of wavelengths for each of parameters. The optimal combinations were then used to establish multi-linear regression (MLR) models to predict the beef attributes. The full cross validation method was used to examine the performance of models. The models were able to predict beef WBSF with R_CV=0.86, and with the SE_CV (the standard error of cross validation) of 11.7 N, 91% classification accuracy could be obtained. Two-day pH values with R_CV=0.86, SE_CV=0.07 and color parameters (L^, a^, b^) with R_CV of 0.92, 0.90 and 0.88, with the SE_CV of 0.90, 1.34 and 0.41 were obtained respectively. This research provided available technique for the development of multispectral system, which could be implemented online to determine beef steaks color and tenderness.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1815-1819 [Abstract] ( 1258 ) PDF (1342 KB) ( 488 )

	1820	Winter Wheat Growth Spatial Variation Study Based on Temporal Airborne High-Spectrum Images
		SONG Xiao-yu¹, WANG Ji-hua¹, YAN Guang-jian², HUANG Wen-jiang¹, LIU Liang-yun³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1820-05
		Precision agriculture technology is defined as an information-and technology-based agriculture management system to identify, analyze and manage crop spatial and temporal variation within fields for optimum profitability, sustainability and protection of the environment. In the present study, push-broom hyperspectral image sensor (PHI) image was used to investigate the spatial variance of winter wheat growth. The variable-rate fertilization contrast experiment was carried out on the National Experimental Station for Precision Agriculture of China during 2001-2002. Three airborne PHI images were acquired during the wheat growth season of 2002. Then contrast analysis about the wheat growth spatial variation was applied to the variable-rate fertilization area and uniformity fertilization area. The results showed that the spectral reflectance standard deviation increased significantly in red edge and short infrared wave band for all images. The wheat milky stage spectral reflectance has the maximum standard deviation in short infrared wave band, then the wheat jointing stage and wheat filling stage. Then six spectrum parameters that sensitive to wheat growth variation were defined and analyzed. The results indicate that parameters spatial variation coefficient for variable-rate experiment area was higher than that of contrast area in jointing stage. However, it decreased after the variable-rate fertilization application. The parameters spatial variation coefficient for variable-rate area was lower than that of contrast area in filling and milking stages. In addition, the yield spatial variation coefficient for variable-rate area was lower than that of contrast area. However, the yield mean value for variable-rate area was lower than that of contrast area. The study showed that the crop growth spatial variance information can be acquired through airborne remote sensing images timely and exactly. Remote sensing technology has provided powerful analytical tools for precision agriculture variable-rate management.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1820-1824 [Abstract] ( 2001 ) PDF (1364 KB) ( 511 )

	1825	Tree Species Discrimination Based on Leaf-Level Hyperspectral Characteristic Analysis
		WANG Zhi-hui, DING Li-xia^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1825-05
		The emergence of hyperspectral remote sensing technology will provide chance for solving problems of identifying forest tree species precisely. For discrimination of tree species with hyperspectral remote sensing technology, extraction and selection of the spectral characteristics is a very important process. Compared with multispectral data, hyperspectral data have the characteristics of more bands, larger amount of data and larger redundancy degree. The method of derivative reflectance was used to deal with the original spectral data, analyze and compare curves of the original spectrum, the first derivative reflectance and second derivative reflectance of the different tree species, and the bands with bigger difference were selected to identify the different tree species. Then the Euclidean distance method was used to test the selective bands identifying different tree species, and the results showed that the selective bands could identify different tree species effectively. The bands for identifying different tree species were most near-infrared bands, and the bands with maximum difference derived from the three methods are 1 657-1 666, 1 868-1 877 and 1 868-1 877 nm respectively.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1825-1829 [Abstract] ( 1189 ) PDF (1626 KB) ( 786 )

	1830	Research on Crop-Weed Discrimination Using a Field Imaging Spectrometer
		LIU Bo^1，2，FANG Jun-yong¹，LIU Xue¹，ZHANG Li-fu¹，ZHANG Bing³，TONG Qing-xi¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1830-04
		Discrimination of weeds from crop is the first and important step for variable herbicides application and precise physical weed control. Using a new field imaging spectrometer developed by our group, hyperspectral images in the wavelength range 380-870 nm were taken in the wild for the investigation of crop-weed discrimination. After normalizing the data to reduce or eliminate the influence of varying illuminance, stepwise forward variable selection was employed to select the proper band sets and fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to discriminate crop and weeds. For the case of considering each species as a different class, classification accuracy reached 85% with eight selected bands while for the case of considering overall weed species as a class, classification accuracy was higher than 91% with seven selected bands. In order to develop a low-cost device and system in future, all combinations of two and three bands were evaluated to find the best combinations. The result showed that the best three bands can achieve a performance of 89% comparable to the performance achieved by five bands selected using stepwise selection. The authors also found that “red edge” could afford abundant information in the discrimination of weed and crop.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1830-1833 [Abstract] ( 1800 ) PDF (1253 KB) ( 633 )

	1834	*Application of ANFIS in in-situ* Measured Hyperspectral Data for Vegetation Chlorophyll Content Estimation**
		YAO Fu-qi^{1, 3}, ZHANG Zhen-hua^1*, YANG Run-ya², SUN Jin-wei¹, WANG Hai-jiang¹，REN Shang-gang¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1834-05
		Hyperspectral reflectance and green degree of Platanus orientalis L. and Populus tomentosa Carr. leaves were measured by the ASD portable spectrometer and the portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502, respectively. The chlorophyll concentration retrieval models based on 10 common vegetation indexes were established, and the ANN-BP model which used wave bands with larger correlation coefficient as input variables was established for chlorophyll content estimation. Finally, the ANFIS model was established to inverse vegetation chlorophyll content using hyperspectral data. The results showed that normalized difference vegetation index can inverse chlorophyll content better than other vegetation index, and the determination coefficients R² of models of Platanus orientalis L. and Populus tomentosa Carr. were 0.795 7 and 0.754 6, respectively. The determination coefficients R² between the predicted and the measured chlorophyll content based on ANN-BP models of Platanus orientalis L. and Populus tomentosa Carr. were 0.935 2 and 0.917 1, respectively. ANFIS model which is a good method to be applied to hyperspectral data for estimation of vegetation chlorophyll concentration can greatly improve vegetation chlorophyll concentration estimation accuracy, and the determination coefficients R² between the predicted and the measured chlorophyll content of Platanus orientalis L. and Populus tomentosa Carr. were 0.935 2 and 0.917 1, respectively.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1834-1838 [Abstract] ( 2494 ) PDF (1276 KB) ( 496 )

	1839	An Improved Physical Model to Correct Topographic Effects in Remotely Sensed Imagery
		ZHANG Zhao-ming^{1, 2, 3}, HE Guo-jin¹, LIU Ding-sheng¹, WANG Xiao-qin⁴, JIANG Hong⁴
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1839-04
		Topographic correction for remotely sensed imagery is an important preprocessing step in order to improve the retrieval accuracy of land surface spectral reflectance in mountainous area. Various kinds of topographic correction models have been proposed in the literature. Each model has its advantages and limitations. In consideration of the limitations of the topographic correction models in the literature, an improved Shepherd topographic correction model is proposed in this paper. Diffuse irradiance is an essential factor in the physically based topographic correction model. While in the Shepherd model (originally proposed by Shepherd et al. in 2003), accuracy of the method to compute the diffuse irradiance is relatively low; therefore, the accuracy of the land surface spectral reflectance retrieved with the Shepherd model is impacted. In order to improve the accuracy of diffuse irradiance, hence the accuracy of land surface spectral reflectance, a different method (named the Perez model), is used to obtain the diffuse irradiance with higher accuracy in the improved Shepherd model. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery acquired on July 12th 2006, over the mountainous areas in the north of Beijing city, was employed to retrieve land surface spectral reflectance with the improved Shepherd topographic correction model and 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) atmospheric radiative transfer model. Correction results were tested with three different methods. Testing result shows that the improved Shepherd topographic correction model can achieve a good correction result and is better than Shepherd and C topographic correction model. What is more, this improved model is physically based and can be applied to all kinds of optical satellite imagery.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1839-1842 [Abstract] ( 2260 ) PDF (1368 KB) ( 473 )

	1843	Evaluation of Sensor Spectral Parameters for the Simulation Accuracy of the Vegetation Spectrum
		LI Bo^1,2，YAN Lei^1,2*，ZHANG Li-fu³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1843-05
		Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has become one of the most promising and emerging techniques in remote sensing. Due to hundreds of co-registered bands used in HSI system, hyperspectral imagery may provide more spectral information than multi-band images. Unfortunately, original hyperspectral images are more expensive and difficult to achieve than multi-band ones. However, an abundance of spectral information has to be acquired by part of special research for the purpose of ground monitoring, which original HSI systems can easily provide. Then a solution, called hyperspectral satellite data simulation, is proposed for studies in satellite data simulation. It is also one of the most important studies to simulate satellite remote sensing data. In the method, the model with low computational complexity can simulate hyperspectral data quickly, which is based on the priori spectral knowledge of the ground objects. But the accuracy of the simulation data depends on spectral parameters of the sensor. In the present paper, the authors experiment with EO-1/ALI bands in VIS/NIR wavelengths. Then the relationship between the spectral parameters, including the number of bands, bandwidth and the peak wavelength, and the simulation accuracy of the vegetation spectrum are analyzed from their variation principles. According to the results, spectral parameters can determine the effective spectral feature of the vegetation, and impact simulation model directly. Optimal parameters are also summarized for spectral reconstruction in the paper. The experiment results are beneficial to enhancing spectral simulation precision. The conclusions can help evaluate the performance of multispectral sensors and perfect spectroscope and filter design.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1843-1847 [Abstract] ( 1144 ) PDF (1776 KB) ( 543 )

	1848	Progress in Research on Land Cover Products of MODIS
		WEI Ya-xing, WANG Li-wen
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1848-05
		Remote sensing technology has been rapidly developed in recent decades, and has been widely used in ecology and environment field. MODIS is a new data source, and in its many products, land cover product is an important product, and it has often been used in global and regional models. In the present review, the procedure of producing land cover product is clearly discussed, and the feature of the classification based network or decision tree is introduced. The paper emphasized the importance of direction information in classification, detailed introduction of change vector analysis methods and land cover change detection based artificial nerve network, analyzed global 17 land cover types defined by IGBP, and compared with other 3 classification systems.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1848-1852 [Abstract] ( 1941 ) PDF (938 KB) ( 576 )

	1853	*The Spectrum Characteristics of an Invasion Plant: Eupatorium Adenophorum* Spreng**
		CHEN Jun^{1, 2}，QUAN Wen-ting³，ZHOU Guan-hua⁴，WEN Zhen-he^{1, 2}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1853-05
		Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (EAS) is a toxic invasion plant and has caused significant economic and environmental impacts in China. The EAS has the characteristics of widely distributing and quickly spreading. The traditional detecting and supervising methods become invalid when applied for managing the spatial distribution of EAS. Based on the analyzing results of the spectrum features of EAS, the present paper tried to structure the identifying models by remote sensing. The main objective of this paper is to develop an available method for detecting and mapping the spatial distribution of EAS. The study shows that the spectrum of EAS has two reflecting peaks and one absorbing trough. The corresponding wavelengths of those peaks are 560，730 and 674 nm, respectively. The absorption characteristics of EAS at 647 nm are that the absorbing depth is 0.504 3-1.910 3, the absorbing width is 13.778 9-17.251 8 nm and the area at the left absorption band is greater than the right, and the corresponding area ratio of left to right is 1.771 9-2.444 1. The white flowers of EAS make the reflectance higher at visible bands, and the first-order derivatives of EAS spectral show a wave peak at 420 nm. Compared with the spectral feature of other representative materials, the absorbing characteristics at 647 nm, such as absorption width and absorption depth, and the peak at 420 nm of derivatives spectral are special features of EAS spectral, which can be used as remotely sensed parameters for detecting and mapping the EAS at florescence.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1853-1857 [Abstract] ( 1773 ) PDF (1987 KB) ( 485 )

	1858	Study on the Synthesis of Pd/Au Nanostructure and Spectral Characteristics of Particle Size Composition and Spins
		REN Ren^{1, 2，3}, XU Jin¹，REN Da-nan⁴
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1858-04
		The present paper describes the synthesis of nanostructure Pd/Au core/shell and study of electric catalysis, control of particle size composition and spins. Oil-bathing thermal decomposition was adopted to prepare the core/shell Pd/Au bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. The PVP and ethylene glycol were used as surfactant and stabilizing agent. Based on the solution concentration, size, and surface adsorption energy and control of the phase, the uniform homogeneous Pd/Au nanostructure was obtained. The experiments measured the HAADF and HRTEM to test the shape of nanostructure and EDS particle distribution. The products were characterized by TEM/XRD and XPS. The results show that Pd/Au nanoparticles have the structure of truncated octahedron different from Au/Pd core/shell. The Pd/Au nanoparticles have the properties of activity, wear, electric catalysis and stability.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1858-1861 [Abstract] ( 1145 ) PDF (1741 KB) ( 479 )

	1862	Spectral Properties of 2-(2’-Hydroxyphenyl) Benzimidazole
		NAN Jing-yu^1,2, WU Feng¹, MA Li-na¹, TIAN Wei¹, CHEN Wen-ju¹，ZHANG Gui-lan^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1862-04
		2-(2’-hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazole (HBI) is one kind of organic molecule with excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) effect. The absorption spectra of HBI were observed in toluene, the mixture of toluene and ethanol, and ethanol, respectively. It was found that the absorption spectra in the three solvents are similar. The fluorescence of HBI was observed under the excitation of 317 nm light. Only one fluorescence band with a peak wavelength of 470 nm was observed in the toluene. There appeared two fluorescence bands in the mixed solvents and ethanol, of which the peak wavelength was 370 and 450 nm, respectively. Based on the ESPT theory, the fluorescence band with a peak at 370 nm is attributed to the emission from enol form of HBI molecule, while the band with a peak at 470 nm is attributed to the emission from tautomer form (i.e. keto form) via ESPT process. Because of the strong polarity of ethanol, the intermolecular H-bond can be formed between the HBI molecules and the ethanol and HBI molecules tend to exist in the solvated form. When HBI molecules in solvated form were excited, the zwitterionic form of HBI was formed via ESPT and returned to the ground state accompanied with fluorescence emission, so the fluorescence band with a peak at 450 nm is attributed to the zwitterionic emission of HBI. When the HBI in the three kinds of solvents was excited by the picosecond laser pulse at 532 nm, the two-photon induced fluorescence was not observed in the nonpolar solvents but observed in the polar solvents, which indicate that two-photon effect occurred in solvated form.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1862-1865 [Abstract] ( 461 ) PDF (1581 KB) ( 503 )

	1866	Spectrometric Investigation of the Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Synthetic Selenadiazole Derivative SPO Against DPPH and ABTS Free Radicals
		ZHANG Yi-bo¹, ZHENG Wen-jie², HUANG Zhi¹, YANG Fang², LIU Jie², CHEN Tian-feng^2,3*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1866-06
		The antioxidant activity of a novel synthetic selenadiazole derivative SPO against DPPH and ABTS free radicals was evaluated using spectrometric methods. The results show that the detection wavelength and stable time for DPPH system were 515 nm and 30 min respectively, while those for ABTS system were 734 nm and 6 min, respectively. SPO could effectively and rapidly inhibited the formation of ABTS and DPPH free radicals in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating the potent antioxidant activity of SPO under both hydrophilic and hydrophobic conditions. In the optimized systems, the IC₅₀ values of SPO were 85.2 μmol·L^-1 (DPPH assay) and 36.5 μmol·L^-1 (ABTS assay), respectively, which were comparable with the standard antioxidant Trolox, and significantly better than the positive controls BHA and BHT. Taken together, our results suggest the potential applications of selenadiazole derivatives as antioxidative agents.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1866-1871 [Abstract] ( 1364 ) PDF (2326 KB) ( 490 )

	1872	Study on Synthesis and Fluorescence Characterization of Europium and Terbium Complexes of 1-(5-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-Methyl-4,5- Dihydropyrazol-1-yl) Ethanone
		HU Fei-long, ZHUANG Ji-chang, YIN Xian-hong^*, WU Qiao-lan, ZHANG Shan-shan, ZHANG Feng
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1872-04
		Six solid complexes(TbL₃·2H₂O, TbL₂(phen)·H₂O, TbL₂(TPPO), EuL₃·2H₂O, EuL₂(phen)·2H₂O and EuL₂(TPPO)·2H₂O) have been synthesized based on the pyrazole ligand(HL)(phen=1,10-phenanthroline, TPPO=Tri-phenylphosphine oxide, HL=1-(5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)ethanone). These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, and fluorescence spectra. The IR spectra indicated that all complexes exhibited the characteristic peaks of asymmetric stretching vibration ν_CO and symmetric stretching vibration ν_CN peaks. The CO stretching band at 1 644 cm^-1 of HL molecule shifted to lower band in the complexes. The O—H band at 3 072 of the HL lignd is also shifted to lower band. All these shifts indicated that carbonyl group, O—H and CN take part in coordinating with the rare-earth ion in the form of bridging tridentate. The excitation and emission spectra of the six complexes were determined at room temperature and the results show that EuL₂(Phen)·2H₂O and TbL₂(Phen)·2H₂O display the strongest relative fluorescence intensity with the excited bands at 310 and 320 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the emission intensities of Eu³⁺and Tb³⁺ complexes were greatly sensitized by phen.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1872-1875 [Abstract] ( 1621 ) PDF (1184 KB) ( 374 )

	1876	Preparation and Spectrum Properties of Cellulose Nanoparticles
		TANG Li-rong, HUANG Biao^*, DAI Da-song, OU Wen, LIN Yan-ping, CHEN Xue-rong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1876-04
		Manipulating cellulose molecules in nanosize range to create excellent nano materials is the frontier of cellulose science. Cellulose nanoparticles, a kind of renewable biomaterial, have become the research focus home and aboard. It is of great importance to develop a simple, green, low energy-consuming, rapid and efficient method to prepare cellulose nanoparticles. In the present paper, cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) which enjoy good dispersity and nanosize were prepared by alkaline hydrolysis in a simple and feasible way, with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the raw material. Moreover, the size and morphology, crystal structure and spectrum properties of the cellulose nanoparticles were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). TEM images demonstrate that the prepared samples are in quasi-sphere shapes with good dispersity and with size about 20-40 nm. The SEM images of the samples show that the purified cellulose nanoparticles can be obtained after dialysis treatment to remove salt particles. The XRD results show that the microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose nanoparticles almost have the same diffraction peaks in cellulose I crystal form. Because of the damage of amorphous region of MCC by alkaline hydrolysis, the crystallinity of produced samples increases by up to 79.71%. The grain size was calculated with Scherrer’s formula, and the average size is about 3-6 nm. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra suggest that the characteristic peaks on the graphs of cellulose nanoparticles have no significant change compared to natural cellulose, which indicates that the sample remains as the basic chemical groups of cellulose. The results show that preparing cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) by alkaline hydrolysis enjoys the ease to operate and can produce high yield, and therefore the study offers a new approach to obtaining cellulose nanoparticles with nanosize and good dispersion.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1876-1879 [Abstract] ( 1251 ) PDF (1497 KB) ( 434 )

	1880	Spectral Characteristics Variations of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter During Growth of Filamentous Green Macroalgae
		JIANG De-gang, HUANG Qing-hui^*, LI Jian-hua
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1880-06
		As an important component of dissolved organic matter (DOM), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a central role in the global biogeochemical carbon cycle. Macroalgae are essential producers in aquatic ecosystems. They can release a considerable part of photosynthetic products as CDOM. So changes in optical properties of CDOM are studied on filamentous green macroalgae-Chadophorasle found in tidal flats of a brackish Lake Beihu in natural field condition by using spectrometry. Humic-like fluorescence peaks and protein-like fluorescence peaks detected by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrum (EEMS) change little in control experiment but increase dramatically in incubation experiment. Applying parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) together with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix can get four components of CDOM (C₁, C₂, C₃ and C₄) which are relative to humic-like fluorescence peak A(C), M and protein-like fluorescence peak B, T respectively. In incubation experiment four components increase by 211.5%, 255.8%, 75.3% and 129.3% respectively while in control experiment components have little changes except C₁ decreasing by 34.3%. Absorption coefficient a(355) increases by 92.9% and has positive significant correlation(P<0.01) with the four components in incubation experiment while a(355) decreases by 59.8% and only has correlation (P<0.05) with C₁ in control experiment. As the parameters representing CDOM molecular weight and composition, M and S values in incubation experiment are smaller than in control experiment, which illustrate that aromatic and macromolecular CDOM is produced in growth of Chadophorasle. All results indicate that growth of Chadophorasle can change the content and composition of CDOM.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1880-1885 [Abstract] ( 449 ) PDF (2187 KB) ( 433 )

	1886	Observation of and Research on Intravital Microcirculation Use of Orthogonal Polarization Multi-Spectral Technique
		XU Qian, LEI Jun-feng^*, ZENG Li-bo
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1886-04
		A small, simple intravital microcirculation multi-spectral imaging system was constructed. Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging and liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) were used for intravital microcirculation multi-spectral imaging. LCTF has excellent imaging quality and low-power loss, without moving parts and image shift. It can provide continuously, rapid and random-access selection of any wavelength in the visible to near-infrared range. An ear of nude mouse was adopted as experiment specimen. The multi-spectral images of ear microvessel of the nude mouse were acquired by this imaging system in two ways (detection polarization angle 90° and 0°). Compared with detection polarization angle 0° way the images acquired by orthogonal polarization spectral imaging way(detection polarization angle 90°) had better contrast and more details. It is concluded that the experiment has proved that the orthogonal polarization multi-spectral technique can enhance the effect of observation of intravital microcirculation.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1886-1889 [Abstract] ( 1842 ) PDF (1342 KB) ( 545 )

	1890	Research on Improving Sensitivity of the Characteristic Spectrnm in Micro-Gas Monitor
		SUN Yun-qiang, LU Xu-tao
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1890-04
		In order to realize the indoor micro noxious gas real-time monitor, and enhance measuring accuracy based on the characteristic spectrum examination method, a characteristic wavelengths filtration window was designed, in which the container is full with the highly concentrated testing gas. The container with the highly concentrated testing gas was used as the filtration window, the standard air as the reference window, the air chamber sufficient testing gas for testing density. The experiment demonstrated that using the WQF-520-FTIR infrared spectroscope to obtain the infrared absorption spectrum of dipropyl sebacate, there were mainly four characteristic wavelength lines: 3.385 26, 3.417 64, 5.797 11, and 8.561 65 μm, and the corresponding extinction was 1.520 0, 1.542 1, 2.431 8 and 1.352 6 respectively. The smallest content examined was 50 ppb, but using the characteristic wavelengths filtration window, the method could realize the 10^-4 nm magnitude alignment. The sensitivity was enhanced nearly 10 times, and the characteristic wavelengths filtration window method has the merits of high sensitivity, no discontinuity, real-time examination, and so on.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1890-1893 [Abstract] ( 1646 ) PDF (1107 KB) ( 423 )

	1894	Study on Panchromatic Band Broadening of New High-Resolution Satellite Sensor
		HE Wen-bin^{1, 2}, ZHOU Chuan^1*, NIU Zheng¹, LIANG Li-jiao³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1894-04
		For developing a remote sensor, the selection of operating waveband is one of the most important factors for detecting and identifying target. In the present paper, the changes of atmospheric effects and imagery quality are simulated due to the increase in the response wave range of optical remote sensor from 0.50-0.85 mm to 0.45-0.90 mm by using MODTRAN4. The experimental results show that there is a slight increase of the adverse factors, including atmospheric transmittance, path radiance, and adjacency effect, after the working waveband has been widened. The disadvantages compared with the improvement in incident radiance，target-background contrast and image quality are negligible. In summary, the scheme of 0.45-0.90 mm is superior to 0.50-0.85 mm and it has been more widely used in the on-orbit operation high-resolution satellite sensor.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1894-1897 [Abstract] ( 428 ) PDF (1527 KB) ( 445 )

	1898	A New Type of Nano-Porous Gold Membrane for Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor
		YANG Yin^{1, 2}, WU Yi-hui^1*, HAO Peng¹, ZHANG Zhi-qiang^{1, 2}
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1898-04
		Nano-porous gold membrane was fabricated by chemical etching method in the present work. The structures and the unique optical properties of the membrane were studied by scanning electron microscope and spectrometer. We creatively used the nano-porous gold membrane as the sensing layer for surface plasmon resonance biosensor. The results showed that, compared to the traditional evaporated gold film, the nano-porous gold membrane has a unique effect of localized surface plasmon resonance. The sensitivity of detecting the biological agents was obviously increased by the surface plasmon resonance biosensor assembling the nano-porous gold membrane. The fabrication method of the nano-porous gold membrane is simple and low-cost, so it absolutely can replace the use of traditional evaporated gold film.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1898-1901 [Abstract] ( 1150 ) PDF (1448 KB) ( 535 )

	1902	Reflectance of Sea Ice in Liaodong Bay
		XU Zhan-tang^{1, 2}, YANG Yue-zhong^1*, WANG Gui-fen¹, CAO Wen-xi¹，KONG Xiang-peng³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1902-06
		In the present study, the relationships between sea ice albedo and the bidirectional reflectance distribution in Liaodong Bay were investigated. The results indicate that: (1)sea ice albedo α(λ) is closely related to the components of sea ice, the higher the particulate concentration in sea ice surface is, the lower the sea ice albedo α(λ) is. On the contrary, the higher the bubble concentration in sea ice is, the higher sea ice albedo α(λ) is. (2)Sea ice albedo α(λ) is similar to the bidirectional reflectance factor R_f when the probe locates at nadir. The R_f would increase with the increase in detector zenith θ, and the correlation between R_f and the detector azimuth would gradually increase. When the θ is located at solar zenith 63°, the R_f would reach the maximum, and the strongest correlation is also shown between the R_f and the detector azimuth. (3)Different types of sea ice would have the different anisotropic reflectance factors.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1902-1907 [Abstract] ( 1500 ) PDF (2163 KB) ( 393 )

	1908	The Measurement and Numerical Study of Numerical Aperture of Photonic Crystal Fiber
		GUO Yan-yan, HOU Lan-tian
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1908-05
		The numerical aperture is an important parameter of optical fiber, and the fiber with high numerical aperture can be well used in fiber laser and laser-induced fluorescence system. The numerical aperture of the photonic crystal fiber is different from that of traditional step optical fiber, which is closely related to the wavelength. In the present paper, a spectrometer was used to measure the numerical aperture of photonic crystal fiber, and a lot of refractive index photonic crystal fibers were measured and simulated to investigate the impact of wavelength, the diameter of air-hole and the pitch on numerical aperture. According to the measured numerical aperture, the parameters of fiber related with wavelength can be better studied, including nonlinearity coefficient, macro-bending loss, effective mode area, cut-off wavelength and so on, and satisfactory results were achieved.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1908-1912 [Abstract] ( 679 ) PDF (2046 KB) ( 508 )

	1913	Study on Nano- and Microcrystallites in the Urines of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formers
		HUANG Zhi-jie, LI Jun-jun, HE Jie-yu, OUYANG Jian-ming^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1913-05
		The crystallites in urine are related closely with the formation of urolithiasis. In the present paper the composition, morphology and Zeta potential of crystallites of twenty calcium oxalate stone formers were comparatively studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nanoparticle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that calcium oxalate calculi usually coexisted with a little of uric acid, calcium phosphate, and magnesium ammonium phosphate. By contrast, the compositions of urine crystallites of the patients with calcium oxalate calculi were mainly uric acid, phosphate, calcium oxalate and so on. Most of them had sharp angularity with a particle size distribution ranging from tens of nanometers to tens of microns; and obvious aggregation was observed. The negative value of Zeta potential of urine crystallites in the twenty stone formers (average value -5.92 mV) was less than that in the twenty normal subjects (-12.9 mV). However, there was no obvious difference in the urine pH between stone formers (average pH 6.03) and normal subjects (average pH 5.92). The study on the relationship between urine crystallites and urinary calculi components will be helpful for finding out the causes of urolithiasis and providing an important basis for the scientific prevention methods and reasonable treatments in clinic.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1913-1917 [Abstract] ( 1609 ) PDF (2202 KB) ( 414 )

	1918	Preliminary Characterization of Clay Minerals from Four Typical Soils of Northeast China
		JUAN Ying-hua^1,2, WU Zhi-jie¹, CHEN Li-jun¹, WANG Ren², GONG Liang², BAO Hong-jing², LIU Yan²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1918-04
		The black soil, albic soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil in Northeast China were selected as research objects, and their mineral characteristics were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that the mineral atlas of test soils were of montmorillonite type. Quartz was the main component of clay minerals in the four soils. Montmorillonite and high mountain stone had higher amounts in black soil and albic soil, and mica and high mountain stone were more in brown soil and cinnamon soil. Generally, the surface of mineral particles in black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil seems to be of laminarization with significant un-uniformity, and compared with black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil had more smooth surface. In contrast, the mineral particles in albic soil had distinct profile and smooth surface with some interstice. It was indicated that the components and characteristics of soil clay minerals could be analyzed by soil spectroscopy, and the related information to be obtained could be accurate and available.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1918-1921 [Abstract] ( 1867 ) PDF (1542 KB) ( 474 )

	1922	Fabrication and Analysis of Red-Green Resonant Complementary Optically Variable Sub-Wavelength Microstructures
		CHEN Yong-li¹，LIU Wen-xia¹，LIAO Ning-fang²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1922-04
		Principles of design and production of dual-layer sub-wavelength grating microstructures are analyzed thoroughly. Novel methods for designing and fabricating such structures, with the characteristics of using rectangular grating index profiles when designed and using holographic interference lithography and coating processes when produced, are proposed. Microstructures fabricated by use of this method, will have the same resonant and optically variable properties with pre-designed structures, even improving its color qualities of lights reflected. A sub-wavelength security microstructure with the unique performances of red-green resonant complementary optically variability in color was designed and manufactured successfully and its resonant optically variable spectrum and color changing characteristics were verified theoretically and experimentally. Study results indicate that sinusoidal grating microstructures manufactured have the same resonant and optically variable characteristics, such as the resonant spectrum, color, spectral peak and peak splits, etc. with the pre-designed structures. A rectangular index profile grating is not the necessary requirement to produce resonance behaviors and the grating regions can have any profile such as the holographic type as long as its diffraction characteristics and equivalent waveguide representation are the same with the designed rectangular grating microstructures. The methods proposed are feasible in practice, lowering the making complexity and with potential of low-cost mass production commercially by use of the current holographic manufacture equipments.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1922-1925 [Abstract] ( 229 ) PDF (1452 KB) ( 389 )

	1926	Study on Thermal Decompositon Properties of Hexafluoropropane Clean Gaseous Fire-Extinguishing Agent
		TAN Ling-hua^1,3, LI Qin-hua², GAO Fei², PAN Ren-ming^2*，LI Feng-sheng¹, WANG Jun-de²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1926-04
		The thermal decomposition properties of hexafluoropropane clean gaseous fire-extinguishing agent were studied in tubular reactor from 500 to 750 ℃ and the decomposed gas was characterized by gas chromatography(GC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Hydrogen fluoride was detected after the decomposed gas was analyzed by pH testing, while pentafluoropropylene was found by GC-MS. The results showed that hydrogen fluoride eliminated from hexafluoropropane was the main reaction, while pentafluoropropylene was the primary product during hexafluoropropane decomposition under high temperature. GC and FTIR results indicated that the reaction temperatures had significant effects on the thermal decomposition of hexafluoropropane. Haxafluropropane was steady at 500 ℃, whereas started to decompose weakly at 600 ℃. The degree of the thermal decomposition of hexafluoropropane was enhanced with the temperature increase. And hexafluoropropane underwent intense decompositon at 750 ℃. FTIR can be used as a new method to study extinguishing mechanism of fluorine-containing fire extinguishing agent online.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1926-1929 [Abstract] ( 506 ) PDF (1140 KB) ( 769 )

	1930	Effect of Reduction by Sodium Borohydride on the Structural Characteristics of Brown-Rotted Lignin
		LI Gai-yun¹, SUN Qi-ning², QIN Te-fu¹,HUANG Luo-hua^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1930-04
		The FTIR, UV-Visible, ¹H NMR and GPC were used to study structural changes of brown-rotted lignin after sodium borohydride reduction. FTIR spectra showed that, after reduction, the band at 1 677 cm^-1 attributed to the conjugated carbonyl groups disappeared, and the band intensity at 1 715 cm^-1 attributed to the nonconjugated carbonyl groups decreased. On the other hand, the band at 1 509 and 1 603 cm^-1 attributed to aromatic skeletal vibration remained almost unchanged. UV spectra showed the decreased absorptions at 288 nm and 300-400 nm after reduction. ¹H NMR spectra showed that, after reduction, the number of aromatic methoxyl and aromatic hydroxyls decreased, the number of aliphatic hydroxyls and the proton number attributed to many linkage structures connecting the phenylpropane units increased. GPC results showed that the molecular weight of reduced brown-rotted lignin increased and the molecular distribution got wider, as a consequence of the large molecular weight molecules generated during the reduction reaction. Our results suggest that the conjugated carbonyl groups can be totally reduced to the hydroxyl groups, but only some nonconjugated carbonyl groups can be reduced to the hydroxyl groups. The chemical structure of the brown-rotted lignin changed, but the benzyl ring kept stable. The condensation reaction took place during the sodium borohydride reduction process.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1930-1933 [Abstract] ( 2270 ) PDF (1271 KB) ( 407 )

	1934	*Study on the Early Detection of Sclerotinia* of Brassica Napus Based on Combinational-Stimulated Bands**
		LIU Fei¹, FENG Lei¹, LOU Bing-gan^2*, SUN Guang-ming¹, WANG Lian-ping³, HE Yong¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1934-05
		The combinational-stimulated bands were used to develop linear and nonlinear calibrations for the early detection of sclerotinia of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Eighty healthy and 100 Sclerotinia leaf samples were scanned, and different preprocessing methods combined with successive projections algorithm (SPA) were applied to develop partial least squares (PLS) discriminant models, multiple linear regression (MLR) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) models. The results indicated that the optimal full-spectrum PLS model was achieved by direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC), then De-trending and Raw spectra with correct recognition ratio of 100%, 95.7% and 95.7%, respectively. When using combinational-stimulated bands, the optimal linear models were SPA-MLR (DOSC) and SPA-PLS (DOSC) with correct recognition ratio of 100%. All SPA-LS-SVM models using DOSC, De-trending and Raw spectra achieved perfect results with recognition of 100%. The overall results demonstrated that it was feasible to use combinational-stimulated bands for the early detection of Sclerotinia of oilseed rape, and DOSC-SPA was a powerful way for informative wavelength selection. This method supplied a new approach to the early detection and portable monitoring instrument of sclerotinia.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1934-1938 [Abstract] ( 1768 ) PDF (1274 KB) ( 606 )

	1939	Using Canopy Hyperspectral Ratio Index to Retrieve Relative Water Content of Wheat Under Yellow Rust Stress
		JIANG Jin-bao¹, HUANG Wen-jiang², CHEN Yun-hao^3*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1939-05
		The aim of this paper is to estimate canopy relative water contents (RWC) of winter wheat under yellow rust stress by using hyperspectral remote sensing. The canopy reflectance of winter wheat that infected different severity yellow rust was collected and the disease index (DI) of the wheat was investigated respectively in the fields, whereafter the wheat was sampled corresponding to the canopy reflectance measurements and the RWC of the whole wheat were measured in the Laboratory. The research showed that the canopy spectra reflectance gradually decreased in the near-infrared (NIR) region (900-1 300 nm) with RWC reduction, however, canopy spectra reflectance gradually increased in the short-wave-infrared (SWIR) region (1 300-2 500 nm), and there was just higher minus correlation between RWC and DI. Smoothing the canopy spectra, the ratio indices were built by using the sensitive bands for water in NIR and SWIR, and then the estimation RWC linear models were built by using ratio indices as variables, and the model inversion precision and stability were analyzed and compared for estimation RWC. The result indicated that the inversion precision and the stability of the model with ratio index R_{1 300}/R_{1 200} as variable excel other models, the linear model’s RMSE is 3.43, and the relative error is 4.78%. So, this study results not only can provide assistant information for diagnosing wheat disease but also can supply theories and methods for inversion vegetation RWC by using hyperspectral images in the future.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1939-1943 [Abstract] ( 2217 ) PDF (1811 KB) ( 447 )

	1944	Visible-Light Responding BiVO₄/TiO₂ Nanocomposite Photocatalyst
		JI Tian-hao, YANG Fang, ZHOU Jiao-yan, DU Hai-yan, SUN Jia-yue
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1944-04
		The two kinds of new nanocomposites BiVO₄/TiO₂ nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal process. Their crystal structure, morphology and photocatalytic activities for degradation of methylene blue solution were characterized using various measurement techniques. The XRD results indicate that they are made up of monoclinic BiVO₄ and anatase TiO₂ phases. The SEM, TEM and HRTEM images show that the two samples include BiVO₄ nanoparticles supported onto TiO₂ nanowires. The UV-Vis absorption spectra reveal that the absorption edges of the samples exhibit red-shift in comparison with that of the pure TiO₂ nanowires. The measurement results for the visible-light photodegradation of methylene blue show that the nanocomposite sample prepared from the layered titanate nanowires with Bi³⁺ has the highest photocatalytic activity.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1944-1947 [Abstract] ( 1231 ) PDF (1763 KB) ( 798 )

	1948	Detection of Metal Residue in Aqueous Solutions by Electrolyte Cathode Atmospheric Glow Discharge Emission Spectroscopy
		ZHENG Pei-chao^{1, 2}, WANG Hong-mei¹, LI Jian-quan¹, HAN Hai-yan¹, XI Xiao-qin¹, CHU Yan-nan^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1948-04
		Toxic metal elements in waters and wastewaters contaminate the environment and greatly threaten the health of human beings, therefore developing a rapid monitor for metal residues in aqueous solutions is urgently required．In the present work, a new homemade apparatus of electrolyte cathode atmospheric glow discharge emission spectroscopy was developed and described. It can detect and discriminate many kinds of trace mental elements by atomic emission spectrum from atmospheric pressure liquid cathode glow discharge. In order to estimate the analytical performance of the present atmospheric pressure electrolyte cathode glow discharge emission spectroscopy system, the detection limit values for Na, Li, Cu, Pb and Mn were obtained based on 3σ of the background signal, and the current limits of detection were 0.008, 0.005, 1.1, 2.06 and 1.95 mg·L^-1, respectively. It demonstrates that the atmospheric pressure electrolyte cathode glow discharge emission spectroscopy has a promising application in real time measurements of metal residues in aqueous solutions.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1948-1951 [Abstract] ( 1154 ) PDF (1317 KB) ( 472 )

	1952	Optical Emission Spectroscopy for the Characteristic Parameters Measurement of Argon Microhollow Cathode Discharge
		XIA Guang-qing¹, Nader Sadeghi²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1952-04
		In order to measure the basic plasma parameters, well understand the mechanism of microhollow cathode discharge(MHCD), the rotational structures of the N₂ first positive bands (B³Π_gA³⁺_u) were analyzed with traces of nitrogen added in argon for the measurement of the gas temperature, and the Stark broadening of H_β lines was analyzed for the determination of the electron density. The experimenual results show that the gas temperature increases with the increasing pressure and the current and can reach 700 K in the stable glow region. The electron density is in the order of 10¹⁴-10¹⁵ cm^-3. The magnitude and the changing relations can provide substantial experimental data and technical support for the wide application of MHCD.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1952-1955 [Abstract] ( 1689 ) PDF (1371 KB) ( 430 )

	1956	Analysis of the Mineral Element Contents of Axenic and Natural Dunaliella Salina
		TANG Ying¹, WANG Chang-hai^2*, HUANG Di¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1956-04
		The contents of eleven mineral elements, including Mg, Fe, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Cr contents of axenic and natural Dunaliella salina and their culture supernatants in the different period of exponential phase were determined with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS). The results show as follows : (1)The contents of Mg, Fe, K, Ca, and Na are between 1 and 10 mg·g^-1. The contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni are between 0.1 and 1 mg·g^-1. There are little Cd and Cr in the microalgae. (2) The changes in the content of mineral elements of axenic and natural Dunaliella salina during different phases are almost the same. The contents of Mg, Fe, K, Ca, Na, Mn and Cu decreased along with the growth of the microalgae, especially the content of Ca. The contents of Mg, Fe, K, Ca and Na in the culture supernatants keep stable in the culture process and have no distinct difference among axenic and natural Dunaliella salina. But the contents of Cu and Mn in the culture supernatants increased greatly in the middle and end of exponential phase. (3) The contents of Mg, K, Cu, and Ni show no significant differences in axenic and natural microalgae. The contents of Fe, Ca, Na and Zn in the natural microalgae decreased greatly in the middle of exponential phase and were less than in axenic one, but increased at the end of exponential phase and were higher than in axenic one. These results provide reference for further to applying the resource of Dunaliella salina and studing the relationship of microalgae and associated bacteria in the culture.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1956-1959 [Abstract] ( 2123 ) PDF (949 KB) ( 376 )

	1960	The Molecular Composition and Spectral Properties of Polysaccharide Isolated from Pu-Erh Tea and Its Material
		GONG Jia-shun¹, HU Xiao-jing¹, PENG Chun-xiu², ZHOU Hong-jie³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1960-05
		Pu-erh tea, a kind of well-known tea from the ancient time, is originally produced in the Yunnan Lanchan River basin through a special solid state fermentation by fungi. It uses sun-dried green tea as its starting materials. To investigate the variation of composition and spectral properties of polysaccharide during solid state fermentation of pu-erh tea by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as preponderant starter and using sun-dried green tea as materials in the present study. The results showed that the content of water soluble polysaccharide was increased，and the activity of hydrolase such as cellulase，pectinase and glucomylase were also enhanced. The content of neutral sugar increased with the ferment time increasing and the M_W of raw polysaccharide showed significant difference during fermentation. The main polysaccharide TPS2 and TPS1 were isolated and purified from pu-erh tea and its materials by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. TPS2 contains the higher content of uronic acid, but TPS1 contains the higher contents of neutral sugar and protein. Monosaccharide analysis by GC-MS revealed that TPS1 and TPS2 were composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose and mannose with molar ratios of 24.2∶23.6∶5.9∶3.2∶1.8∶1.1 and 19.3∶26.9∶3.2∶2.7∶1.3∶5.5, respectively. The average molecular weight of TPS1 and TPS2 was 1.68×10⁴ and 1.21×10⁴ Daltons, respectively. UV scanning spectrum showed that TPS1 and TPS2 had no characteristic absorption between 200 and 400 nm wavelength, it suggested that they contain trace protein. IR spectrum of TPS1 and TPS2 demonstrated that pyranoid rings were contained in them. As shown in the image of atomic force microscope, the molecular appearance of TPS1 and TPS2 resembled islands and apparently consisted of conglomerations. The height of conglomerations of TPS2 was about 40nm and the length or width was 0.5-0.8 μm, while the height of conglomerations of TPS1 was about 4nm and the length or width was 0.2-0.4 μm. TPS2 shows sheet conglomerations with rough surface, but TPS1 shows squama conglomerations with smooth surface in the image of scanning electron micrograph. The experimental data suggested that the variation of composition and spectral properties of polysaccharide isolated from pu-erh tea and its materials owed to the action of microorganism and humid and thermal action for long time process.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1960-1964 [Abstract] ( 1790 ) PDF (1456 KB) ( 580 )

	1965	Determination of Inorganic Elements in Chicken Muscle by Sealed Microwave Digestion ICP-AES
		SUN Tao¹,LONG Dan-feng², XIN Guo-sheng³, LIU Zhi-yun³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1965-03
		The contents of inorganic elements including K, Ca, Na, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, and Co from the chicken muscle were determined by ICP-AES using sealed microwave digestion. The sample of the chicken muscle was digested with HNO₃-H₂O₂ system. The relative standard deviation was less than 5% for all the elements, and the recovery was 92.5%-110% by adding standard recovery experiment. This method was simple，sensitive and precise and can perform simultaneous multi-elements determination compared with conventional method of the chicken muscle determination, which could satisfy the sample examination request and provide scientific rationale for determining inorganic elements of chicken meat.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1965-1967 [Abstract] ( 1110 ) PDF (922 KB) ( 413 )

	1968	Determination of Trace Elements in Tobaccos by Microwave Digestion/ICP-MS Method
		SUN Yu-an¹, SONG Shi-qiu¹, WANG Guo-qing¹, WEI Li-fang², LI Zhen-xing¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1968-04
		2 mL 50% HNO₃ and 1 mL 47% H₂O₂ were chosen for tobaccos digestion, and the acidity of final digestion solution was confined to about 2%. Standard solutions were diluted with 2% HNO₃. The digestion solutions were determined by ICP-MS directly after adding internal standard elements Ge and Rh. In stead of using concentrated acid, this method not only can leave out the process of drying or dilution and extended the life of relevant components of the instrument, but also eliminate the errors of the inconsistency between digestion solutions and standard solutions could be eliminated. The contents of 30 trace elements, the results of eight representatives of which were provided, in tobaccos from seven areas were determined. The detection limits of measured elements were from 0.006 to 1.133 ng·mL^-1. The relative standard deviations were from 0.90% to 5.66%. The recovery rates of two elements (Cu, Y) were from 93% to 102%. The results showed that this method proposed could be applied to multielement simultaneous determination of tobaccos, and there is a deep relationship between the contents of the trace elements and the production place and classification of tobaccos.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1968-1971 [Abstract] ( 1768 ) PDF (922 KB) ( 467 )

	1972	Determination of Five Trace Elements(Pb, Cd, Se, As and Hg) in Human Whole Blood by Temperature-Controllable Wet Digestion and ICP-MS Technique
		ZHANG Xiu-wu^{1, 2}, LI Yong-hua^1*, YANG Lin-sheng¹, LI Hai-rong¹, WANG Wu-yi¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1972-03
		A method for the determination of five trace elements, including Pb, Cd, Se, As and Hg concentrations in human whole blood by HNO₃-H₂O₂ digestion under temperature-controllable condition and ICP-MS was described. Under the optimum experimental conditions and instrumental operation parameters, the limit of detection for the five elements were 2-40 ng·L^-1. The system had a good stability with RSDs of the determination of value repeated 3 times less than 3%. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by the results of determination of the Chinese national standard references GBW(E)09034-09036 and GBW09101b, and the analytical results well agreed with the certified values. Using this method, the concentration of the five elements in whole blood of 34 habitants from mercury mining area in western Human province was studied. The result showed that the blood Se and blood As level was at security scope, however, blood Pb, Cd and Hg level was too high and beyond the safety thresholds which should be concerned about. The analytical method mentioned above can be used for determination of trace elements in human blood to achieve a convenient and rapid operation and accurate result.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1972-1974 [Abstract] ( 1840 ) PDF (926 KB) ( 555 )

	1975	Analysis and Comparison of Trace Elements of Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae in Different Periods by Microwave Digestion-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
		XIONG Wei¹，CAI Miao-zhen¹，WANG Hong¹，YU Rui-peng²，CHENG Cun-gui^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1975-04
		Herba euphorbiae humifusae is the dried whole plant of Euphorbia humifusa Willd. that belongs to euphorbiaceae. In the present paper, the microwave digestion procedure was used to digest herba euphorbiae humifusae collected in different periods, and then flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used to determine the contents of eight kinds of trace elements of herba euphorbiae humifusae in different periods, and the change in the contents of trace elements at different times was studied and analysed. The results showed that of all the trace elements of herba euphorbiae humifusae in different periods, element Fe was the highest in June, element K was in August at the highest level, element Mn reached the highest content in September, elements Na and Ca were dividedly at the highest content in October and November, and in December the highest content elements were Zn, Cu and Mg. In one word, the change of Na and Ca was jumping, while the change of Cu and Zn was comparatively mild. The results provide scientific basis for the time of collection of herba euphorbiae humifusae.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1975-1978 [Abstract] ( 1173 ) PDF (1402 KB) ( 412 )

	1979	Determination of Trace Mercury in Wastewater by a Flow Injection Analysis Composed of Immobilized Ionic Liquid Enrichment and Colorimetric Detection
		ZHANG Jun, MAO Li-li, YANG Gui-peng^*, GAO Xian-chi, TANG Xu-li
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1979-04
		Amberlite XAD-7 resin was modified by room temprature ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate，[C₆mim]PF₆) coating through a maceration method, gaining a new sort of hydrophobic adsorbent for the solid phase extraction mini-column. Trace inorganic mercury in wastewater samples was preconcentrated and determined by flow injection on-line mini-column sampling coupled with spectrophotometric determination. In acid medium, dithizone was employed as chelator with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) to form a red neutral mercury-dithizone complex, which could be extracted quantificationally by solid phase extraction technique on the mini-column.Under the optimized conditions, the linearity and the detection limit of the proposed method were found to be 0.35 to 50.0 μg·L^-1 Hg²⁺ and 0.067 μg·L^-1 Hg²⁺, respectively. The enrichment factor of 25 times could be achieved with a 50 mL sampling volume and the developed procedure was successfully applied for the determination of mercury in the certified reference material (GSBZ50016-90) and the spiked dock wastewater samples with the recovery of 99%-103%.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1979-1982 [Abstract] ( 1349 ) PDF (1179 KB) ( 496 )

	1983	X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrum Analysis of Chemical Element for Spider and Silkworm Silk and Its Applications
		YUAN Bo¹, XU Ze-ren², XIE Zhuo-jun², SHI Qiang³, ZHANG Xing-kang³, XU Si-chuan^1,3*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1983-07
		Elemental compositions in spider and silkworm silks were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrum to probe the silk-forming mechanisms and an elemental basis for spider silk with excellent characteristics. XRF analysis demonstrates that in the silkworm silk, the elemental content is 47.10% for C, 29.92% for O and 16.52% for N, including metal elemental contents: 0.166 2% for Ca, 0.104 0% for Mg and 0.039 5% for K, while Na, Zn, Ni, Fe and Cr show less micro quantity. Due to relative high quantity for Ca and Mg, they both play an important role in the silk-forming mechanism by silkworm. In the spider silk, the determined main nonmetal elemental contents are 44.09% for C, 26.64% for O and 22.34% for N. The high content of nitrogen may be an elemental basis for spider silk with excellent characteristic. The main metal elemental contents are 0.268 0% for Na, 0.081 4% for K and 0.011 6% for Mg, while Ca, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr possess less micro quantity in the spider silk. Because of relative high quantity for Na and K, they both play an important role in the silk-forming mechanism by spider. The elemental compositions investigated by using mathematic statistic method are quite in agreement with those demonstrated by using XRF spectrum, which validates the experimentally determined elemental compositions in the spider and silkworm silks.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1983-1989 [Abstract] ( 2199 ) PDF (1592 KB) ( 432 )

	1990	Technology and Provenance of Proto-Porcelain of Yingguo Graveyard in Henna Province
		ZHU Jian^1，2，WANG Long-zheng³, WANG Li-hua^1，2，MA Hong-jiao^1，2，WANG Chang-sui^1，2*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1990-05
		Protoporcelain is a kind of multi-epoch and multi-culture-area ceramic hangover with iterative appearance, and it is the important interim of the development from pottery to porcelain. Therefore, its origin, development and prevalence problems, which relate directly to China development mode and Shang Zhou culture visage, are the important discussion of archaeology, ceramic technic history and chemistry history, and have important learning value. XRF and XRD technique were used to determine several shreds excavated from Yingguo graveyard site in Henan province. The result shows that some samples have abnormity phosphor, hinting that some plant or wood ash was ever used as raw material. From the rate of Ca/Al and P/Al and comparative analysis, we discovered that proto-porcelain of Yingguo site has different chemical character compared to south production.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1990-1994 [Abstract] ( 1948 ) PDF (1209 KB) ( 436 )

	1995	Calculation of Dislocation Destiny Using X-Ray Diffraction for 4H-SiC Homoepitaxial Layers
		JIA Ren-xu, ZHANG Yu-ming^*, ZHANG Yi-men,GUO Hui
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1995-03
		A theoretical and experimental study on calculating dislocation destiny for 4H-SiC homoepitaxial layers has been carried out. There is some difficulty in measuring dislocation density if it is more than 10⁶·cm^-2. In the paper, a theoretical analysis is made about the effects of dislocation density on the results of X-ray diffraction, and the relationship of dislocation density and FWHM spread is obtained. Then the X-ray diffraction curves of 4H-SiC in ω-2θ with two different crystal faces are presented from which the density of dislocation is calculated. According to the result, the cause of dislocation origin is analyzed and the methods of decreasing dislocation density are proposed.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1995-1997 [Abstract] ( 1217 ) PDF (1091 KB) ( 510 )

	1998	A Multi-Phase Flow Detector System Based on Gamma-Ray
		MA Min¹, WANG Hua-xiang², HAO Kui-hong¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-1998-05
		In the present paper, a gamma-ray based on-line detection system was designed for multi-phase flow measurement, where the complicated fluid property of multi-phase flow can be studied by using the principle of ray transmission. The system is made up of three parts, i.e., the sensing unit, the signal conditioning & processing unit and the computer imaging unit. The sensing unit consists of five ²⁴¹Am sources with principal energy of 59.5 keV and five sets of CdZnTe semiconductor detectors by using the Geant 4 simulating software toolkits. The sources and detectors are mounted equally at the cross section of pipeline to detect different phase medium simultaneously. This function of the system guarantees the real-time performance of the on-line detecting. In order to improve the accuracy of the probe, a low noise probe circuit was designed, including a low noise charge-sensitive preamplifier, a low noise amplifier, filter circuit and an eliminated zero-poles circuit. Some of the emitted gamma-ray photons from the radiation sources are detected by the sensing element, where the photo energy is transferred into electrical energy by using CdZnTe semiconductor detectors. The output of the sensing element is sent to the signal conditioning & processing unit, which is amplified and filtered to be a level-discriminated signal. Finally, the output of the signal conditioning & processing unit is sent to the computer imaging unit, in which the 2D images are reconstructed by using a certain reconstruction algorithm. Under the normal temperature, the system performs the test of energy spectrum and then it has better energy resolution about 4.38% for ²⁴¹Am 59.5 keV. The result reveals that our system has higher probe accuracy. Using experimental data, the images are reconstructed with Filter back projection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm. Images of high quality are achieved.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 1998-2002 [Abstract] ( 1473 ) PDF (1740 KB) ( 389 )

	2003	Study on the In-Depth Composition of Beads Formed by Fuse Breaking of Electric Wire at Different Oxygen Concentrations by Auger Electron Spectroscopy
		GAO Wei^{1, 2}, WU Ying², LIU Shu-jun², WANG Lian-tie²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-2003-03
		The ambience has a critical effect on the characteristic of bead formed by fuse breaking of the electric copper wire in fire. In order to study the influence of oxygen concentration in surroundings on the characteristic of bead formed by fuse breaking, firstly, the oxygen concentration of typical things such as wood, paper, foam, rubber and plastic etc when they were burning was measured. The extreme conditions of oxygen concentration of typical things were ascertained when they were burning. Accordingly the oxygen concentration of simulated environment (100% N₂, 10% O₂+90% N₂, and 20% O₂+80% N₂) was determined. Secondly, the in-depth composition of beads formed by fuse breaking of the electric copper wire in different circumstances was studied by AES. The relationship is almost linearity between the average oxygen concentration and the ambient oxygen concentration. Consequently, from the measured oxygen concentration, the authors can deduce the ambient oxygen concentration and the fire cause.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 2003-2005 [Abstract] ( 388 ) PDF (1513 KB) ( 380 )

	2006	Lidar Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Optical Properties over Yinchuan Area
		MAO Jian-dong^1,2, HUA Deng-xin^2*, HE Ting-yao², WANG Ming²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-2006-05
		A compact Mie scattering lidar system has been developed to measure the optical properties and temporal-spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosol particles and some continuous experiments were carried out over Yinchuan area (38°29′N, 106°06′E) from 1 to 10 April in 2009 for the first time. The laser located at wavelength of 532 nm was selected as the light source and the Fernald method was used to retrieve the extinction coefficient. The aerosol extinction coefficient profiles and temporal-spatial variation properties of aerosol relative density were obtained and analyzed within the whole day at one hour interval, and also an obvious sand-dust-weather process over Yinchuan area was observed and analyzed. The observation results show that the compact Mie scattering lidar is capable of measuring efficiently the optical properties and temporal-spatial distribution of aerosol particles, and the measurement result is useful for studying the variation tendency of atmospheric aerosol and sand weather of Yinchuan area.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 2006-2010 [Abstract] ( 221 ) PDF (1671 KB) ( 565 )

	2011	Mass Spectrometery Assay for Denitrifying Enzyme Activity Measurement
		ZHANG Li-li^1,2, WU Zhi-jie^1*, SONG Yu-chao³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2010)07-2011-03
		Nitrification inhibitors exert inhibition function in soil nitrification process (NH⁺₄-N to NO^-₃-N) and are widely applied in order to improve N fertilizer use efficiency. Before the new nitrification inhibitor is used, its effects on denitrification process must be investigated and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) is an effective indicator to show this process. In the present paper, a mass spectrometery(MS) method was taken to measure the denitrifying enzyme activity in the new nitrification inhibitor 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate(DMPP) incubation system. The results showed that the method measured the concentration of N₂O in the incubation system accurately and the concentration measured by MS had marked correlation with that measured by gas chromatogram(GC) (MS_N₂O=-0.45+1.03GC_N₂O，R²=0.995). At the same time, enrichment of ¹⁵N₂O and ¹⁵N₂ was measured to discriminate the nitrate reductase and N₂O reductase. Differed with traditional method, the enzymatic inhibitor-acetylene was not appended. The results showed that DMPP had no influence on the denitrifying enzyme activity and indicated that the denitrification process was not influenced by DMPP.
		2010 Vol. 30 (07): 2011-2013 [Abstract] ( 1647 ) PDF (1102 KB) ( 576 )

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