|
|
|
|
|
|
| Analysis and Research on the Pigments of Mural Painting Layer in the SanHuang Temple |
| YAN Hai-hong1, ZHANG Xin-rui2, ZHANG Qun-xi3, SUN Feng1*, DONG Wen-qiang4 |
1. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
2. Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an 710061, China
4. Institute of Culture and Heritage，Northwestern Polytechnical University，Xi'an 710072，China
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract SanHuang Temple is located in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, and houses three ancient emperors: Fuxi, Shennong, and Huangdi. The walls were originally painted with exquisite murals. It is the product of integrating ancient Chinese traditional medicine and Confucianism, which has great art and academic research value. However, SanHuang Temple has experienced wind and rain in natural preservation, and its status is precarious. To identify and analyze the materials for the construction of murals in the SanHuang Temple and to provide a scientific basis for the acquisition of the original information of the murals and subsequent protection and restoration, the tiny pigment samples taken from the SanHuang Temple were analyzed by comprehensive analysis methods such as the ultra-depth-of-field microscope, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD), micro-laser Raman. The results show that the red pigments include lead, cinnabar and hematite, and the main colour components of black stains are carbon black mixed with Prussian blue. The blue tint is synthetic ultramarine blue, the green pigment is a mixture of Paris green and titanium dioxide, and the main component of the pigment base layer is dihydrate gypsum. The scientific and technological analysis of mural production materials shows that the SanHuang Temple's murals have been historically restored. The restoration age is relatively late, and there was the use of mixed pigments in the restoration, among which the mixed use of carbon black and Prussian blue is the first time to be found in the mural, which provides a basis for the research on the production materials and repair history of the SanHuang Temple murals in Shaanxi Province, and provides scientific and technological support for the later mural protection, restoration and restoration display, which has critical cultural relics protection significance.
|
|
Received: 2022-11-01
Accepted: 2023-09-16
|
|
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
SUN Feng
E-mail: sunfeng@nwu.edu.cn
|
|
[1] CHEN Jia-zhen(陈佳臻). Journal of Chinese Historical Studies(中国史研究)，2022，(1)：116.
[2] SUN Feng，XU Hui-pan，WANG Ruo-su，et al(孙 凤，许惠攀，王若苏，等). Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry(分析化学)，2022，50(3)：465.
[3] WANG Yong-jin，YU Qun-li，YAN Min，et al(王永进，于群力，阎 敏，等). Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology(文物保护与考古科学)，2010，22(3)：15.
[4] WANG Xiao-yi，NAN Pu-heng，JIN Pu-jun(王晓毅，南普恒，金普军). Archaeology and Cultural Relics(考古与文物)，2014，(4)：108.
[5] LIU Zhao-jun，HAN Yun-xia，YANG Rui, et al(刘照军，韩运侠，杨 蕊，等). Chinese Journal of Lasers(中国激光)，2013，40(6)：0615003.
[6] WANG Yu，ZHANG Xiao-tong，YE Mei，et al(王 玉，张晓彤，叶 梅，等). The Journal of Light Scattering(光散射学报)，2017，29(4)：338.
[7] Zeng Q G，Zhang G X，Tan J H，et al. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy，2011，42(6)：1311.
[8] Aceto M，Gatti G，Agostino A，et al. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy，2012，43(11)：1754.
[9] ZHANG Yu-ping，HUANG Ke-long，LIU Su-qin(张宇平，黄可龙，刘素琴). Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology)[中南大学学报(自然科学版)]，2007，(2)：285.
[10] YU Zong-ren，ZHAO Lin-yi，LI Yan-fei，et al(于宗仁，赵林毅，李燕飞，等). Dunhuang Research(敦煌研究)，2005，(4)：67.
[11] SUN Feng，WANG Ruo-su，LIANG Ya-xin，et al(孙 凤，王若苏，梁雅鑫，等). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析)，2022，42(2)：505.
[12] WANG Yan-ling(王艳玲). The Journal of Light Scattering(光散射学报)，2018，30(2)：150.
[13] YAN Hai-tao，SUN Kai，TANG Jing，et al(闫海涛，孙 凯，唐 静，等). Huaxia Archaeology(华夏考古)，2019，(2)：39.
[14] MA Hui(麻 慧). Identification and Appreciation to Cultural Relics(文物鉴定与鉴赏)，2021，(14)：96.
[15] YI Chuan-zhen(裔传臻). Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology(文物保护与考古科学)，2021，33(3)：58.
[16] Knipe P. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation，2002，41(3)：203.
[17] Vila A，Ferrer N，García J F. Analytica Chimica Acta，2007，591(1)：97.
[18] Colomban P. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy，2003，34(6)：420.
[19] LI Na，SU Bo-min，FENG Ya-qi，et al(李 娜，苏伯民，冯雅琪，等). Relics and Museoly(文博)，2021，(6)：80.
[20] LIU Lu-yao，ZHANG Bing-jian(刘璐瑶，张秉坚). Heilongjiang Science(黑龙江科学)，2021，12(2)：7.
[21] CHENG Xiao-lin，YANG Qin(成小林，杨 琴). Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology(文物保护与考古科学)，2015，27(3)：84.
[22] CUI Qiang，ZHANG Ya-xu，SHUI Bi-wen，et al(崔 强，张亚旭，水碧纹，等). Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology(文物保护与考古科学)，2020，32(6)：87.
[23] LI Si-fan，GUO Hong，CHEN Kun-long，et al(李思凡，郭 宏，陈坤龙，等). China Cultural Heritage(中国文化遗产)，2020，(6)：79.
[24] WANG Le-le，LI Zhi-min，CHEN Hui-li，et al(王乐乐，李志敏，陈卉丽，等). Research of China's Frontier Archaeology(边疆考古研究)，2017，(2)：385.
[25] WANG Yu，ZHANG Xiao-tong，WU Na(王 玉，张晓彤，吴 娜). The Journal of Light Scattering(光散射学报)，2017，29(1)：39.
[26] JIANG Jian-rong，WEI Shu-ya，CHEN Bai-fa(蒋建荣，魏书亚，陈百发). Cultural Relics(文物)，2020，(5)：89.
[27] YANG Hong，LI Guang-hua(杨 红，李广华). Palace Museum Journal(故宫博物院院刊)，2022，(1)：72.
|
| [1] |
HE Yuan1, 2, 3, LIU Cheng1, 2, 3*. Study on Dynamic Causes of Cracks in Ancient Architectural Murals by Passive Infrared Thermography[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(07): 1952-1959. |
| [2] |
MA Jun-jie, LI Yan, WU Fu-rong, HE Kang, WANG Feng-ping*. Spectroscopic Study on the Pigments of the Architectural Colored
Paintings of the Altar of Agriculture in Beijing[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(04): 983-990. |
| [3] |
SHUI Bi-wen1, 2, 3, SUN Man-li1, 2, YU Zong-ren3*, WANG Zhuo3, ZHAO Jin-li3, CUI Qiang3. Spectroscopic Analysis of the Mural's Materials in Prince Shi's Palace of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(02): 452-459. |
| [4] |
LIU Jia-ru1, SHEN Gui-yun2, HE Jian-bin2, GUO Hong1*. Research on Materials and Technology of Pingyuan Princess Tomb of Liao Dynasty[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3469-3474. |
| [5] |
GUO Zhou-qian1, 2, LÜ Shu-qiang1, 2, HOU Miao-le1, 2*, SUN Yu-tong1, 2, LI Shu-yang1, 2, CUI Wen-yi1. Inversion of Salt Content in Simulated Mural Based on Hyperspectral
Mural Salt Index[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(10): 3272-3279. |
| [6] |
ZHENG Yi-xuan1, PAN Xiao-xuan2, GUO Hong1*, CHEN Kun-long1, LUO Ao-te-gen3. Application of Spectroscopic Techniques in Investigation of the Mural in Lam Rim Hall of Wudang Lamasery, China[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(09): 2849-2854. |
| [7] |
DENG Chen-yang, LIAO Ning-fang*, LI Ya-sheng, LI Yu-mei. Reconstruction of Spectral Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function for Metallic Coatings Based on Additivity of Scattering Spectrum[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(07): 2043-2049. |
| [8] |
LI Bo. Analysis and Research on the Production Technology and Materials of Ming Dynasty Colored Sculptures in Yunya Temple Grottoes in Zhuanglang County, Gansu Province With Cave 6 and Cave 7 as Examples[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(05): 1501-1507. |
| [9] |
YAO Yi-xuan1, HUANG Ya-zhen1, MA Ying1, QI Ying-ming2, WEI Shu-ya1*. The Identification and Analysis of the Materials and Workmanship for the Water-and-Land-Murals of Daxiong Dian (Hall) of Princess Temple，
Fanshi[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(04): 1155-1161. |
| [10] |
JIN Cui1, 4, GUO Hong1*, YU Hai-kuan2, LI Bo3, YANG Jian-du3, ZHANG Yao1. Spectral Analysis of the Techniques and Materials Used to Make Murals
——a Case Study of the Murals in Huapen Guandi Temple in Yanqing District, Beijing[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(04): 1147-1154. |
| [11] |
XIANG Xiong-zhi1, ZHONG Rong-qu1, GAO Shi-han1, SU Xiao-wei1, CHE Da2*. XRF Analysis of the Whole-Area Component of the Oil Painting “Lady in Evening Dress”[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(12): 3913-3916. |
| [12] |
HUANG Yue-hao1, 2, JIN Yong-ze2. Analysis and Research on Spectral Characteristics of the Traditional Architectural Color Painting Pigments in Regong, Qinghai Province[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(11): 3519-3525. |
| [13] |
ZHANG Yao1, GUO Hong1, YANG Jian-du2, LI Bo2, TIAN Jin-feng3, YE Rong-bo4*. The Application of Nondestructive In-Situ Analysis on the Murals of the Xianrenya Grottoes in Tianshui[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(11): 3526-3532. |
| [14] |
WANG Lu1, SUN Feng1, 2*, WANG Ruo-su1, LIANG Ya-xin1, YAO Xue3, ZHAO Fan4. Analysis and Research on Color Paints for Cliff Statues in Qionglai Caves[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(10): 3198-3202. |
| [15] |
HUANG Ya-zhen1, SONG Yan2, GUO Ju-wen2, WEI Shu-ya1*. Scientific Investigation of Materials Used in the Wall Paintings From the Tashilhunpo Monastery, Tibet[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(08): 2488-2493. |
|
|
|
|
