|
|
|
|
|
|
Spectroscopy Characteristics of Emerald From Swat Valley, Pakistan |
BAO Pei-jin1, CHEN Quan-li1, 2*, WU Yan-han1, LI Xuan1, ZHAO An-di1 |
1. Gemmological Institute,China University of Geosciences (Wuhan),Wuhan 430074,China
2. Gemmological Institute, West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Dali 671000, China
|
|
|
Abstract With the exhaustion of Colombian emerald mins, the emeralds from Swat vally, Pakistan have gradually dominated the market and the systematic research for emeralds from Swat valley, Pakistan is conducted by using conventional gemological instruments, infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, UV-Vis-Nir spectrum and Laser Ablation (Microprobe) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that the color of emerald from swat is dark green to dark bluish green, and the refractive index is 1.589~1.615. There are many kinds and quantities of inclusions in the emeralds from Swat, Pakistan. And the three-phase inclusions are rectangular with a clear boundary and obvious orientation, which is close to the three-phase inclusions in the emeralds from Russia, Zambia and Ethiopia. According to the UV-Vis-Nir spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS analysis of the same sample with different colors, the UV-Vis-Nir spectroscopy show relatively strong R line absorption of 427, 608, 637 and 679 nm (O light) belonging to Cr in the dark region and absorption of 370 nm belonging to Fe in the o light, and the content of Cr and Fe in this region is relatively high. So emerald bands are caused by different amounts of Cr and Fe. The color of Emerald from Swat, Pakistan, is caused by Cr , and V contributes to color, and Cr/V is very high. According to LA-ICP-MS combined with the infrared spectrum, emerald from Swat , Pakistan belongs to alkali-rich emerald, and the fingerprint region of the infrared spectrum shows the same vibration absorption peak as common emerald. In the middle infrared region of 4 000~2 000 cm-1, low intensity 3 518 and 3 700 cm-1 belong to the asymmetric stretching vibration of type Ⅰwater and the other bands caused by water are saturated. The medium strong peak of 3 232 cm-1 is caused by polymer ion absorption of [Fe2(OH)4]2+. In the near infrared spectral region of 8 000~5 000 cm-1, the absorption band at 5 264 cm-1 belongs to the frequency combination absorption of ν3+ν2 of type Ⅰ/Ⅱ water in the direction perpendicular to the C-axis, and the peak of 7 097 cm-1 is caused by frequency double oscillation of type Ⅱ water. While weak ones of 7 187 and 6 842 cm-1 are caused by the frequency double oscillation of type Ⅰ water. In the parallel c-axis direction, the absorption band at 5 272 cm-1 belongs to the synthesis frequency absorption of ν3+ν2 of type Ⅰ/Ⅱ water, 7 073 cm-1 is the synthesis frequency vibration peak of type Ⅰ water, and the peak of 7 185 cm-1 belongs to the double frequency vibration of type Ⅱ water. In conclusion, the main chromaticity ions of emeralds in Swat Valley of Pakistan are Cr3+ and Fe3+, and the emeralds’ content of alkali metal ions is high and the emeralds from Swat Valley of Pakistan belong to type Ⅱ water-dominated emeralds.
|
Received: 2021-11-04
Accepted: 2022-04-20
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
CHEN Quan-li
E-mail: chenquanli_0302@163.com
|
|
[1] Gubelin E J. Gems & Gemology, 1982,18(3): 123.
[2] Kazmi A H,Lawrence R D,Anwar J,et al. Economic Geology,1986,81:2022.
[3] Bowersox W Gary,Anwar Jawaid. Gems & Gemology, 1989,25: 16.
[4] Giuliani Gaston,Groat A Lee,Marshall Dan,et al. Minerals,2019,9(2): 105.
[5] Guo H S,Yu X Y,Zheng Y Y,et al. Gems & Gemology, 2020,56(3):336.
[6] Zong K Q, Klemd R, Yuan Y, et al. Precambrian Research, 2017,290:32.
[7] Saeseaw S,Pardieu V,Sangsawong S. Gems & Gemology, 2014,50(2):114.
[8] Pardieu V,Sangsawong S,Cornuz L,et al. The Journal of Gemmology,2020, 37(4):416.
[9] Hu Y,Lu R. Gems & Gemology,2019, 55(3):338.
[10] Cui Di,Liao Zongting,Qi Lijian,et al. The Journal of Gemmology,2020, 37(4):374.
[11] Zwaan J C,Seifert A V,Vrana S,et al. Gem & Gemology,2005, 41(2):116.
[12] Bosshart G. The Journal of Gemmology,1991,22(7):409.
[13] Erkoyun H, Kadir S. Earth Sciences Research Journal,2016,20(3):A1.
[14] QIAO Xin,ZHOU Zheng-yu,NONG Pei-zhen,et al(乔 鑫,周征宇,农佩瑧,等). Rock and Mineral Analysis(岩矿测试),2019,38(2):169.
[15] QI Li-jian,YE Song,XIANG Chang-jin,et al(亓利剑,叶 松,向长金,等). Geological Science and Technology Information(地质科技情报),2001, 20(3):659.
[16] Mashkovtsev R I,Thomas V G,Fursenko D A,et al. American Mineralogist,2016,101(1):175.
[17] Groat L A,Giuliani G,Marshall D D,et al. Ore Geology Reviews,2008,34: 87.
[18] Wood D L,Nassau K. The American Mineralogist,1968,53: 777.
|
[1] |
CHENG Jia-wei1, 2,LIU Xin-xing1, 2*,ZHANG Juan1, 2. Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Exploration of Mineral Deposits: A Review[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 15-21. |
[2] |
LI Jie, ZHOU Qu*, JIA Lu-fen, CUI Xiao-sen. Comparative Study on Detection Methods of Furfural in Transformer Oil Based on IR and Raman Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 125-133. |
[3] |
YANG Cheng-en1, 2, LI Meng3, LU Qiu-yu2, WANG Jin-ling4, LI Yu-ting2*, SU Ling1*. Fast Prediction of Flavone and Polysaccharide Contents in
Aronia Melanocarpa by FTIR and ELM[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 62-68. |
[4] |
GAO Feng1, 2, XING Ya-ge3, 4, LUO Hua-ping1, 2, ZHANG Yuan-hua3, 4, GUO Ling3, 4*. Nondestructive Identification of Apricot Varieties Based on Visible/Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Methods[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 44-51. |
[5] |
LIU Jia, ZHENG Ya-long, WANG Cheng-bo, YIN Zuo-wei*, PAN Shao-kui. Spectra Characterization of Diaspore-Sapphire From Hotan, Xinjiang[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 176-180. |
[6] |
BAO Hao1, 2,ZHANG Yan1, 2*. Research on Spectral Feature Band Selection Model Based on Improved Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 148-157. |
[7] |
GUO Ya-fei1, CAO Qiang1, YE Lei-lei1, ZHANG Cheng-yuan1, KOU Ren-bo1, WANG Jun-mei1, GUO Mei1, 2*. Double Index Sequence Analysis of FTIR and Anti-Inflammatory Spectrum Effect Relationship of Rheum Tanguticum[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 188-196. |
[8] |
SUN Wei-ji1, LIU Lang1, 2*, HOU Dong-zhuang3, QIU Hua-fu1, 2, TU Bing-bing4, XIN Jie1. Experimental Study on Physicochemical Properties and Hydration Activity of Modified Magnesium Slag[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3877-3884. |
[9] |
LI Xiao-dian1, TANG Nian1, ZHANG Man-jun1, SUN Dong-wei1, HE Shu-kai2, WANG Xian-zhong2, 3, ZENG Xiao-zhe2*, WANG Xing-hui2, LIU Xi-ya2. Infrared Spectral Characteristics and Mixing Ratio Detection Method of a New Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas C5-PFK[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3794-3801. |
[10] |
HU Cai-ping1, HE Cheng-yu2, KONG Li-wei3, ZHU You-you3*, WU Bin4, ZHOU Hao-xiang3, SUN Jun2. Identification of Tea Based on Near-Infrared Spectra and Fuzzy Linear Discriminant QR Analysis[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3802-3805. |
[11] |
LIU Xin-peng1, SUN Xiang-hong2, QIN Yu-hua1*, ZHANG Min1, GONG Hui-li3. Research on t-SNE Similarity Measurement Method Based on Wasserstein Divergence[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3806-3812. |
[12] |
BAI Xue-bing1, 2, SONG Chang-ze1, ZHANG Qian-wei1, DAI Bin-xiu1, JIN Guo-jie1, 2, LIU Wen-zheng1, TAO Yong-sheng1, 2*. Rapid and Nndestructive Dagnosis Mthod for Posphate Dficiency in “Cabernet Sauvignon” Gape Laves by Vis/NIR Sectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3719-3725. |
[13] |
WANG Qi-biao1, HE Yu-kai1, LUO Yu-shi1, WANG Shu-jun1, XIE Bo2, DENG Chao2*, LIU Yong3, TUO Xian-guo3. Study on Analysis Method of Distiller's Grains Acidity Based on
Convolutional Neural Network and Near Infrared Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3726-3731. |
[14] |
DANG Rui, GAO Zi-ang, ZHANG Tong, WANG Jia-xing. Lighting Damage Model of Silk Cultural Relics in Museum Collections Based on Infrared Spectrum[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3930-3936. |
[15] |
LUO Li, WANG Jing-yi, XU Zhao-jun, NA Bin*. Geographic Origin Discrimination of Wood Using NIR Spectroscopy
Combined With Machine Learning Techniques[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3372-3379. |
|
|
|
|