陕西咸阳东汉墓出土“五石”科学认知及相关问题研究

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2025)12-3447-08

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摘要：五石，是汉代墓葬中经常遇到的矿物遗存，但有关五石的化学成分研究却相对薄弱。首次利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜能谱、傅里叶红外光谱、显微拉曼光谱等多种分析技术对咸阳机场汉墓M3300出土朱书瓶内的五石进行科学检测分析。结果表明，五石中蓝色矿石主要成分为蓝铜矿，即碱式碳酸铜，纯度不高，蓝色颗粒间有明显的石英杂质。红色矿石整体呈现深红色，纯度较高，化学成分为雄黄，但矿石表面部分已发生了光老化，转变为乌宗石和副雄黄。黑色矿石为较纯净的磁铁矿，古代称之为“磁石”或“慈石”。白色矿石为白云石，但含有少量石英，灰色矿石为云母。白云石与云母这两种矿物是首次通过科学检测分析确定出作为汉代五石的重要组成部分。此外，综合朱书瓶表面文字与道教符文，推测M3300朱书瓶中放置的五石是具有相应的镇墓作用，朱书瓶本身也可称为“镇墓瓶”，瓶中所盛五石并非是作为药物服食以达到升仙或治病的功能。结合已经发表的相关文献梳理比较可知，五石作为五种矿物的代名词在汉代文献中是具有明确的物质指向，是曾青、丹砂、白礜、雄黄、慈石五种矿物的组合体，但具体实际放置在墓葬中发挥镇墓作用时，却并不严格按照物质成分，而更多地是关注矿物的外在表现色彩与寓意，相应弱化矿石的具体化学组成。该研究成果对进一步阐释汉代墓葬中五石成分与具体功能提供了新资料。

关键词：咸阳；东汉墓；五石；成分；功能

Abstract：Five Minerals are frequently found in Han Dynasty tombs. However, research on their chemical composition remains limited, with few studies providing detailed analyses of their specific components. This study presents a comprehensive chemical characterization of Five Minerals samples collected from a vase inscribed with cinnabar found in Tomb M3300. The analytical methods employed include optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy (RM). The results indicate that the blue-colored minerals are primarily composed of azurite. At the same time, the red-colored minerals consist predominantly of realgar, which can degrade into uzonite and arsenolite. The black minerals are high-purity magnetite; the white minerals are dolomite with trace amounts of quartz; and the gray minerals are mica. This is the first scientific identification of dolomite and mica as key components of the Five Minerals. Furthermore, the inscriptions and Taoist symbols on the vase indicate that the Five Minerals served as protective agents for the tomb rather than for medicinal use. Although literary sources from the Han Dynasty offer specific references to the Five Minerals, a mixture of Cengqing, Dansha, Baiyu, Xionghuang, and Cishi. Their application in tomb protection is more closely associated with their color, physical properties, and symbolic meanings than with their precise chemical composition. This results in a certain degree of variability in the chemical makeup of the Five Minerals. The findings of this study significantly contribute to our understanding of both the material properties and the ritualistic functions of the Five Minerals in Han Dynasty burial practices.

Key words：Xianyang City; Eastern Han Dynasty; The Five Minerals; Chemical component; Function

收稿日期: 2025-06-20 修订日期: 2025-09-25

中图分类号:

K876

基金资助: 国家社科重大项目（21&Z237），国家社科基金项目（21BKG013）资助

通讯作者: 赵占锐 E-mail: zzr1478521@163.com

作者简介: 张亚旭，1992年生，陕西省考古研究院馆员 e-mail: 879023188@qq.com

引用本文:

张亚旭，朱雨霁，董琦，秦祎韦华，赵占锐. 陕西咸阳东汉墓出土“五石”科学认知及相关问题研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2025, 45(12): 3447-3454.
ZHANG Ya-xu, ZHU Yu-ji, DONG Qi, QIN Yi-wei, ZHAO Zhan-rui. Comprehensive Research on Five Minerals Excavated From the Tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2025, 45(12): 3447-3454.

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