|
|
|
|
|
|
Nitrate Measurement in the Ocean Based on Neural Network Model |
HOU Yao-bin1, 2, FENG Wei-wei1, 2*, CAI Zong-qi1, WANG Huan-qing1, LIU Zeng-dong3 |
1. CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Shangdong Provincial Yantai Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Yantai 264000, China |
|
|
Abstract Nitrate concentration is an important indicator for the marine ecosystem. Compared with laboratory chemical methods such as Cadmium-Reduction method, in-situ nitrate optical sensor is much faster and reagent-free in a long time and continuous monitoring. Partial Least Squares (PLS) method is often used in ultraviolet absorption spectrum modeling, which is difficult to optimize and has low generalization ability. The neural network can compel any no-linear function by any precision, which has high generalization ability in the modeling. A neural network model is established in the in-situ nitrate sensor to measure the nitrate concentration in seawater in which the nitrate concentration range is 30~750 μg·L-1. Double-hidden layer neural network model is determined to adopt by contrasting performance of single-hidden layer and double-hidden layer to measure nitrate concentration,the input layer is absorption spectrum from 200 to 275 nm, the output layer is nitrate concentration, and sigmoid function is used as the activation function. Gradient descent method is used to update weighting parameters for the neural network of each layer, after 55 000 times iteration, network training is conducted based on the learning rate of 0.26. After validation for the blind test of the model through 8-group randomized validation data, the nitrate concentration using double-hidden layer neural network model is higher in linear correlation to its actual concentration (R2=0.997) in which the Root Mean Squared Error is 10.864, average absolute error is 8.442 μg·L-1, average the relative error is 2.8%. Compared with single-hidden layer neural network model, the double-hidden layer neural network model has higher accuracy in which the average relative error is reduced by 4.92%, the Root Mean Squared Error of PLS is 4.58% using the same spectral data, while the mean relative error is 11.470. The result shows that the neural network model is much better than the Partial Least Squares model under certain conditions. It verifies the superiority of the neural network model applied to the nitrate concentration measurement by ultraviolet absorption spectrometry. The application test was carried out on the “Environmental Monitoring 01” monitoring vessel of the Ministry of Natural Resources,the measurement results are basically identical with the laboratory method in 11 stations, which is further proved from the reliability and practicality.
|
Received: 2019-09-06
Accepted: 2020-01-10
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
FENG Wei-wei
E-mail: wwfeng@yic.ac.cn
|
|
[1] Meyer D, Prien R, et al. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018, 5: 431.
[2] Singh P, Singh M K, Beg Y R, et al. Talanta, 2019, 191(3): 364.
[3] FENG Wei-wei, LI Ling-wei, LI Wei-ran, et al(冯巍巍, 李玲伟, 李未然, 等). Acta Phonica Sinica(光子学报), 2012, 41(8): 883.
[4] Johnson K S, Coletti L J. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2002, 49(7): 1291.
[5] Sakamoto C M, Johnson K S, Coletti L J. Limnology and Oceanography-Methods, 2009, 7(1): 132.
[6] Johnson K S, Coletti L J, et al. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2013, 30(8): 1854.
[7] Sakamoto C M, Johnson K S, Coletti L J, et al. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 2017, 15(10): 897.
[8] CHENG Chang-kuo, SONG Jia-ju, DU Jun-lan, et al(程长阔, 宋家驹, 杜军兰, 等). Transducer and Microsystem Technologies(传感器与微系统), 2017, 36(12): 75.
[9] CHEN Shan-lin, HUANG Chun-hui(陈珊琳, 黄春晖). Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics(量子电子学报),2017, 34(4): 465.
[10] ZHANG Zheng-bin(张正斌). Marine Chemistry(海洋化学). Qingdao: China Ocean University Press(青岛:中国海洋大学出版社),2004. 121.
[11] Shan L, Wang Y X, Li J L, et al. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2013, 226: 40.
[12] WANG Zhi-fang, WANG Shu- tao, WANG Gui-chuan(王志芳,王书涛,王贵川). Acta Photonica Sinica(光子学报), 2019, 48(4): 0412004.
[13] Ren C, An N, Wang J Z, et al. Knowledge-Based Systems, 2014, 56(1): 226. |
[1] |
FAN Ping-ping,LI Xue-ying,QIU Hui-min,HOU Guang-li,LIU Yan*. Spectral Analysis of Organic Carbon in Sediments of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea by Different Spectrometers[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 52-55. |
[2] |
YANG Chao-pu1, 2, FANG Wen-qing3*, WU Qing-feng3, LI Chun1, LI Xiao-long1. Study on Changes of Blue Light Hazard and Circadian Effect of AMOLED With Age Based on Spectral Analysis[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 36-43. |
[3] |
ZHENG Pei-chao, YIN Yi-tong, WANG Jin-mei*, ZHOU Chun-yan, ZHANG Li, ZENG Jin-rui, LÜ Qiang. Study on the Method of Detecting Phosphate Ions in Water Based on
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum Combined With SPA-ELM Algorithm[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 82-87. |
[4] |
LI Xin-ting, ZHANG Feng, FENG Jie*. Convolutional Neural Network Combined With Improved Spectral
Processing Method for Potato Disease Detection[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 215-224. |
[5] |
BAO Hao1, 2,ZHANG Yan1, 2*. Research on Spectral Feature Band Selection Model Based on Improved Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 148-157. |
[6] |
LAN Yan1,WANG Wu1,XU Wen2,CHAI Qin-qin1*,LI Yu-rong1,ZHANG Xun2. Discrimination of Planting and Tissue-Cultured Anoectochilus Roxburghii Based on SMOTE and Inception-CNN[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 158-163. |
[7] |
LI Hu1, ZHONG Yun1, 2, FENG Ya-ting1, LIN Zhen1, ZHU Shi-jiang1, 2*. Multi-Vegetation Index Soil Moisture Inversion Model Based on UAV
Remote Sensing[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(01): 207-214. |
[8] |
LI Qi-chen1, 2, LI Min-zan1, 2*, YANG Wei2, 3, SUN Hong2, 3, ZHANG Yao1, 3. Quantitative Analysis of Water-Soluble Phosphorous Based on Raman
Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3871-3876. |
[9] |
WANG Qi-biao1, HE Yu-kai1, LUO Yu-shi1, WANG Shu-jun1, XIE Bo2, DENG Chao2*, LIU Yong3, TUO Xian-guo3. Study on Analysis Method of Distiller's Grains Acidity Based on
Convolutional Neural Network and Near Infrared Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(12): 3726-3731. |
[10] |
LIANG Jin-xing1, 2, 3, XIN Lei1, CHENG Jing-yao1, ZHOU Jing1, LUO Hang1, 3*. Adaptive Weighted Spectral Reconstruction Method Against
Exposure Variation[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3330-3338. |
[11] |
LUO Li, WANG Jing-yi, XU Zhao-jun, NA Bin*. Geographic Origin Discrimination of Wood Using NIR Spectroscopy
Combined With Machine Learning Techniques[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3372-3379. |
[12] |
YANG Qun1, 2, LING Qi-han1, WEI Yong1, NING Qiang1, 2, KONG Fa-ming1, ZHOU Yi-fan1, 2, ZHANG Hai-lin1, WANG Jie1, 2*. Non-Destructive Monitoring Model of Functional Nitrogen Content in
Citrus Leaves Based on Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3396-3403. |
[13] |
HUANG Meng-qiang1, KUANG Wen-jian2, 3*, LIU Xiang1, HE Liang4. Quantitative Analysis of Cotton/Polyester/Wool Blended Fiber Content by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Based on 1D-CNN[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3565-3570. |
[14] |
HUANG Zhao-di1, CHEN Zai-liang2, WANG Chen3, TIAN Peng2, ZHANG Hai-liang2, XIE Chao-yong2*, LIU Xue-mei4*. Comparing Different Multivariate Calibration Methods Analyses for Measurement of Soil Properties Using Visible and Short Wave-Near
Infrared Spectroscopy Combined With Machine Learning Algorithms[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(11): 3535-3540. |
[15] |
SUN Cheng-yu1, JIAO Long1*, YAN Na-ying1, YAN Chun-hua1, QU Le2, ZHANG Sheng-rui3, MA Ling1. Identification of Salvia Miltiorrhiza From Different Origins by Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Combined with Artificial Neural
Network[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(10): 3098-3104. |
|
|
|
|