基于光谱技术的秦始皇陵出土文物髹漆彩绘层结构与工艺研究

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2025)11-3130-09

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摘要：秦始皇陵出土了包括“世界八大奇迹”之一的兵马俑等大量髹漆彩绘文物，为研究秦代髹漆彩绘工艺提供了重要的实物资料。本文以秦始皇陵兵马俑1号陪葬坑出土秦俑及秦始皇陵陵西大墓出土马车车轮的髹漆彩绘样品为研究对象，采用红外光谱、显微拉曼光谱、X射线衍射等多种光谱技术，结合扫描电子显微镜-能谱，分析了秦始皇陵出土文物髹漆彩绘层的结构与工艺。结果表明：所有样品结构均包括底部漆灰层和表面彩绘层，且两者间边界明显。彩绘层颜料包括朱砂、铅白和炭黑等，而漆灰层主要组成包括天然大漆、灰料等。此外，秦俑和车轮漆灰层结构存在显著差异。其中，秦俑为陶胎，其漆灰层结构细腻，主要成分为CaCO₃，推测秦俑髹漆中使用了石灰调制漆灰。而陵西大墓马车车轮为木胎，漆灰层包括粗瓦灰（主要成分SiO₂和Al₂O₃）和细灰（主要成分CaCO₃）两种结构。根据SEM-EDS结果，推测车轮外侧（No.3）髹漆过程中同时添加了瓦灰和石灰调制漆灰，而车轮侧面（No.4）则依次涂瓦灰漆和石灰漆形成粗细灰交替的四层结构。最后，对秦始皇陵兵马俑1号陪葬坑中出土的袍俑和甲俑彩绘层颜色的统计结果表明秦代平民日常生活中服饰色彩“尚艳”，这与秦代统治者“尚黑”，以黑为贵的礼制形成鲜明对比。该研究不仅明确了秦俑和陵西大墓马车髹漆彩绘层结构与工艺，也对秦俑服饰的颜色进行了深入剖析，为秦始皇陵出土髹漆彩绘文物保护研究提供了重要的科学依据。

关键词：秦俑；陵西大墓；髹漆彩绘；漆灰；颜料

Abstract：The Emperor Qin Shihuang's Tomb has yielded exceptional archaeological finds, notably the Terracotta Army-celebrated among the “Eight Wonders of the World”. These artifacts offer crucial insights into the craftsmanship of Qin Dynasty lacquerware. This paper focuses on polychrome layer samples from two distinct contexts: (1) Terracotta Army in Pit 1, and (2) chariot wheel fragments recovered from the western burial chamber. Analytical techniques, including FTIR, Raman, XRD, and SEM-EDS, were employed to characterize structures and composites of the polychrome layers. The results indicated that all samples had a multilayered structure consisting of a lacquer ash layer and a pigment layer, with a clear boundary between them. Cinnabar, lead white, and carbon black in the pigment layer were identified, and the lacquer ash layer was composed of raw lacquer and inorganic filler. Notably, there are significant differences in the lacquer ash layers between the Qin Terracotta and chariot wheels. The lacquer ash layer of the former exhibited a fine-grained structure dominated by CaCO₃, suggesting the use of CaO-based lime powder during lacquer formulation. In contrast, the lacquer ash layers of the wooden chariot wheels exhibited two structural compositions: coarse ceramic tile ash primarily containing SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ and a fine-grained CaCO₃-dominated matrix. SEM-EDS mapping revealed distinct stratification patterns in lacquer ash layers of the chariot wheels. For the No.3 sample, A mixture of ash between tile ash and lime powder during the lacquering process was used. But the No.4 sample displays a four-layer structure formed by sequentially applying layers of tile ash lacquer and lime lacquer, resulting in an alternating arrangement of coarse and fine ash layers. Finally, the statistical results of the pigments used in the polychrome layers of the robe figures and armor figures excavated from Pit 1 of the Terracotta Army indicate a preference for bright attire among commoners in the Qin Dynasty. This contrasts sharply with the Qin rulers' preference for black, which was considered prestigious in their ritual system. This study not only clarifies the structure and techniques of the lacquer and painted layers on the terracotta figures and the chariots from the large tombs to the west of the mausoleum but also provides an in-depth analysis of the coloration of the Qin figures' attire, offering crucial scientific evidence for the conservation and research of polychrome artifacts unearthed at The Emperor Qin Shihuang's Tomb.

Key words：Qin Aterracotta warriors; Western tomb of the mausoleum; Polychrome lacquerware; Lacquer ash; Pigment

收稿日期: 2025-04-21 修订日期: 2025-08-26

中图分类号:

O657.3

基金资助: 陕西省“两链”融合重点专项（2022LL-ZD-01），国家社会科学基金项目（24VWB019）资助

通讯作者: 王东 E-mail: wdwangdong@nwpu.edu.cn

作者简介: 魏心怡，女，2002年生，西北工业大学硕士研究生 e-mail: w18892202140@163.com

引用本文:

魏心怡，王东，李晓溪，付菲，兰德省，夏寅，周萍. 基于光谱技术的秦始皇陵出土文物髹漆彩绘层结构与工艺研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2025, 45(11): 3130-3138.
WEI Xin-yi, WANG Dong, LI Xiao-xi, FU Fei, LAN De-sheng, XIA Yin, ZHOU Ping. Structural and Technological Analysis of Polychrome Layers in Excavated Artifacts From the Mausoleum of the From Qin Shihuang's Emperor Using Spectral Technologies. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2025, 45(11): 3130-3138.

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