三皇庙壁画彩绘层颜料的分析研究

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2024)07-1889-07

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摘要：三皇庙位于陕西省西安市，庙内供有上古三皇——伏羲、神农、黄帝，四壁原绘有精美的壁画，是中国古代传统医学和儒家发展交融的产物，具有珍贵的历史、艺术和学术研究价值。但在自然保存状态下，三皇庙历经风雨，现状岌岌可危。为了辨析三皇庙建筑壁画制作材料，为壁画原始信息的获取及后续保护修复提供科学依据，采用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜-能谱仪（SEM-EDS）、X射线衍射分析仪（XRD）、显微激光拉曼光谱仪(micro-Raman)等多种分析技术，对现场采集的极少量颜料样品进行分析研究。分析结果表明，红色颜料有朱砂、赤铁矿、铅丹；黑色颜料主要显色成分为炭黑，混有普鲁士蓝；蓝色颜料为合成群青；绿色颜料为巴黎绿和钛白混合而成；颜料打底层主要成分为二水石膏。壁画制作材料的科技分析表明，三皇庙壁画确曾进行过历史修复，且修复年代较晚，修复中有混合颜料的使用，其中炭黑和普鲁士蓝的混合使用在壁画中属首次发现，该结果为陕西地区三皇庙壁画制作材料及修缮历史研究提供基础，为后期壁画保护修复和复原展示提供科技支撑，具有重要的文物保护意义。

关键词：三皇庙；壁画；颜料；科技分析

Abstract：SanHuang Temple is located in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, and houses three ancient emperors: Fuxi, Shennong, and Huangdi. The walls were originally painted with exquisite murals. It is the product of integrating ancient Chinese traditional medicine and Confucianism, which has great art and academic research value. However, SanHuang Temple has experienced wind and rain in natural preservation, and its status is precarious. To identify and analyze the materials for the construction of murals in the SanHuang Temple and to provide a scientific basis for the acquisition of the original information of the murals and subsequent protection and restoration, the tiny pigment samples taken from the SanHuang Temple were analyzed by comprehensive analysis methods such as the ultra-depth-of-field microscope, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD), micro-laser Raman. The results show that the red pigments include lead, cinnabar and hematite, and the main colour components of black stains are carbon black mixed with Prussian blue. The blue tint is synthetic ultramarine blue, the green pigment is a mixture of Paris green and titanium dioxide, and the main component of the pigment base layer is dihydrate gypsum. The scientific and technological analysis of mural production materials shows that the SanHuang Temple's murals have been historically restored. The restoration age is relatively late, and there was the use of mixed pigments in the restoration, among which the mixed use of carbon black and Prussian blue is the first time to be found in the mural, which provides a basis for the research on the production materials and repair history of the SanHuang Temple murals in Shaanxi Province, and provides scientific and technological support for the later mural protection, restoration and restoration display, which has critical cultural relics protection significance.

Key words：SanHuang temple;Mural;Pigments;Scientific analysis

收稿日期: 2022-11-01 修订日期: 2023-09-16

中图分类号:	K878.6
	O657

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目（22101226），陕西省科技厅重点产业创新链（群）——工业领域项目（2021ZDLGY15-06）资助

通讯作者: 孙凤 E-mail: sunfeng@nwu.edu.cn

作者简介: 闫海虹，1999年生，西北大学文化遗产学院硕士研究生 e-mail: 202120979@stumail.nwu.edu.cn

引用本文:

闫海虹，张昕瑞，张群喜，孙凤，董文强. 三皇庙壁画彩绘层颜料的分析研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2024, 44(07): 1889-1895.
YAN Hai-hong, ZHANG Xin-rui, ZHANG Qun-xi, SUN Feng, DONG Wen-qiang. Analysis and Research on the Pigments of Mural Painting Layer in the SanHuang Temple. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(07): 1889-1895.

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