后司岙匣钵工艺特征及其对青瓷釉面呈色的影响

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2022)07-2082-10

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摘要：越窑青瓷是我国最早烧制成熟的青瓷器，其中使用瓷质匣钵烧造秘色青瓷是越窑独特的烧造技术，为揭示越窑上林湖后司岙窑址出土的唐五代时期匣钵的工艺特征及其对装烧青瓷的影响，采用能量色散X荧光光谱仪（ED-XRF）、超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等现代测试分析手段，对后司岙窑址出土的唐五代时期瓷质匣钵、普通匣钵、普通青瓷、秘色青瓷进行了元素组成、显微结构、吸水率等测试分析。同时采用分光光度计，对该遗址出土的唐五代普通青瓷和秘色青瓷表面色度进行了测试分析。分析结果表明：唐五代普通匣钵的基体部分和瓷质匣钵组成相似，采用了SiO₂含量约为75%、Al₂O₃含量约为16%，且与青瓷胎体类似的当地冲积粘土类原料；而唐五代瓷质匣钵中TiO₂和Fe₂O₃的含量高于青瓷胎体且差异略大，说明青瓷胎体淘洗工艺更加严格。其中普通匣钵内存在大量平均尺寸在530 μm左右，且具有颗粒级配呈现一定规律的夹杂粗颗粒，是一类为增加普通匣钵使用寿命特意拣选添加的高硅质原料，增加了匣钵的透气性、机械强度和热稳定性从而延长匣钵的使用寿命；唐五代瓷质匣钵的气孔率为1.61%、吸水率为0.73%，低于普通匣钵8.18%和4.28%，而体积密度为2.22 g·cm^-3高于普通匣钵的1.99 g·cm^-3，且导热性能高于普通匣钵，有利于减少匣钵内外温差、缓解温度滞后现象。另外，上林湖后司岙窑址出土的秘色青瓷使用气孔率较低的瓷质匣钵，并进行口沿封釉，有效降低了装烧青瓷釉在冷却过程中被二次氧化的程度，提高了匣钵内气氛的稳定性和青瓷釉层中Fe²⁺的含量，改善了其呈色稳定性和外观效果。同时秘色青瓷釉层略厚，减少了胎体对产品外观的影响，增大了釉面折射率和明亮度，使其在CIE色度空间中相比普通青瓷处在更偏蓝绿色区域。

关键词：越窑；瓷质匣钵；秘色青瓷；化学组成；色度

Abstract：Yue kiln celadon is the earliest celadon manufactured with a precise fire system in China, and the use of porcelain saggers to firing Mi’se celadon is the unique firing technique of the Yue kiln. In order to reveal the processing feature of porcelain sagger and its influence on celadon of Tang and Five Dynasties, saggers, which were unearthed at the Housi’ao kiln site in the Shanglin Lake of the Yue Kiln, were characterized via a variety of testing methods. In this paper, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF), super depth of field microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and other mondern test methods, were applied on the porcelain sagger, common sagger, common celadon and Mi’se celadon which unearthed from Housi’ao kiln site of Shanglin Lake, to realize the understand of element composition, microstructure, water absorption, etc. Meanwhile, a spectrophotometer has also conducted the tests of surface chroma on the common celadon and Mi’se celadon of Tang and Five Dynasties. The results of the analysis showed that the base of the common sagger was similar in composition to that of the porcelain sagger in the Tang and Five Dynasties, using local alluvial clay-like raw materials with a SiO₂ content of approximately 75% and an Al₂O₃ content of approximately 16%, similar to that of the celadon body. In contrast, the TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ contents of the porcelain sagger in Tang and Five Dynasties were higher than those of the celadon body and fluctuated slightly, indicating a more rigorous process of washing the celadon body. The presence of a large number of inclusions of coarse particles with an average size of around 530 μm and a regular particle gradation in the common sagger was a type of high-silica material that was deliberately selected and added to increase the service life of the common sagger, increasing the permeability, mechanical strength and thermal stability of the sagger and thus extending the service life of the sagger; the porosity of the porcelain sagger in Tang and Five Dynasties was 1.61% and the water absorption rate was 0.73%, lower than the common sagger 8.18%, 4.28%, while the bulk density of 2.22 g·cm^-3 higher than the common sagger 1.99 g·cm^-3, and thermal conductivity than the common sagger, conducive to reducing the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the sagger, to alleviate the temperature lag phenomenon. In addition, the use of a porcelain sagger with a lower porosity and the sealing of the mouth rim at the Housi’ao site in Shanglin Lake effectively reduced the degree of secondary oxidation of the fired celadon glaze during the cooling process, improved the stability of the atmosphere within the sagger and the Fe²⁺ content of the celadon glaze layer, and improved its colour stability and appearance. At the same time, the slightly thicker glaze layer on the Mi’se celadon reduced the influence of the body on the appearance of the product and increased the refractive index and brightness of the glaze, placing it in a more bluish-green area in the CIE chromaticity space than common celadon.

Key words：Yue Kiln; Porcelain sagger; Mi’se celadon; Chemical composition; Colorimetric

收稿日期: 2021-04-15 修订日期: 2021-09-03

中图分类号:

O657.3

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目（51862018），江西省教育厅科技项目（GJJ160879）资助

通讯作者: 桑月侠 E-mail: 44418293@qq.com

作者简介: 吴军明，1983年生，景德镇陶瓷大学艺术文博学院教授 e-mail: woshiwxb@126.com

引用本文:

吴军明，桑月侠，郑乃章，郑建明，吴琳，山日钦. 后司岙匣钵工艺特征及其对青瓷釉面呈色的影响[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2022, 42(07): 2082-2091.
WU Jun-ming, SANG Yue-xia, ZHENG Nai-zhang, ZHENG Jian-ming, WU Lin, SHAN Ri-qin. The Technological Characteristics of Housi’ao Sagger and Its Influence on Influence on the Color of Celadon Glaze. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(07): 2082-2091.

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