文物研究与保护中的无损分析技术

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2018)07-2026-06

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摘要：文物信息的提取与研究对于揭示古代遗物内涵的人类社会、文化等历史信息有着举足轻重的作用。一方面可以了解古代的工艺技术特征，探寻文物制作技术起源及其发展历程；另一方面可以进行病害调查分析，为保护文物提供有效信息。由于文物不可再生的珍贵性，探索和应用现代无损分析技术进行文物研究和保护尤为重要。该文细致梳理了目前主要在文物研究与保护中的无损分析方法及其应用现状：用于文物内部和表面影像分析的X光照相技术、红外成像技术、CT技术、多光谱成像技术和三维激光扫描技术；用于文物表面微观形貌观察和显微结构分析的光学显微镜和电子显微镜；用于文物化学组成分析的X射线荧光光谱和激光剥蚀等离子体质谱分析技术；用于文物物质结构分析的微区XRD、反射式红外光谱和显微激光拉曼光谱分析技术。同时，对这些无损分析技术的优势和局限性进行了初步分析，预期随着科技研究水平的不断提高，这些无损分析技术未来将向着小型化、自动化和便携化的方向发展，在文物研究和保护中有着十分广阔的应用前景。

关键词：无损分析技术；文物；影像；微观形貌；化学组成；结构组成

Abstract：The extraction and research of cultural relic’s information played an important role in revealing the historical information of human society and culture. We could not only understand the ancient technological features to explore the origin and development process of cultural relics making technology, but also carry out disease investigation and analysis to provide valuable information for the protection of cultural relics. Because of the scarcity and non-renewable nature of cultural relics, it was very important to explore and apply modern nondestructive analysis technology for cultural relic’s research and protection. In this article the common methods and the application status of nondestructive analysis of cultural relics were introduced, which were based on the internal and surface image analysis methods. The applications of X ray photography technology, infrared imaging technology, CT technology, multispectral imaging technology and 3D Laser Scanning technology in imaging of various cultural relics were introduced, and then optical microscope and electron microscope in the analysis of surface morphology and microstructure of cultural relics were applied. Followed is the application of chemical composition of X ray fluorescence spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, finally the micro XRD phase analysis, IR reflective material structure analysis and micro Raman spectra analysis on the material structure used in the analysis of material structure. Moreover the advantages and limitations of each technology were preliminarily analyzed. Expecting with the continuous improvement of the technology research, the nondestructive analysis technology in the future will be developing towards miniaturization, automation and portability which have a very broad application prospects in the research and protection of cultural relics.

Key words：Nondestructive analysis; Cultural relics; Image; Microscopic morphology; Chemical component; Structure composition

收稿日期: 2017-08-28 修订日期: 2017-12-16

中图分类号:

K854.2

基金资助: 陕西省教育厅产业化培育项目(15JF006)，国家社科基金重大招标项目(12＆ZD195)，教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(13YJC780002)和西北大学科研启动基金项目资助

作者简介: 凌雪，1976年生，西北大学文化遗产学院副教授 e-mail: lxue@nwu.edu.cn

引用本文:

凌雪，吴萌蕾，廖原，周羿辰. 文物研究与保护中的无损分析技术[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2018, 38(07): 2026-2031.
LING Xue, WU Meng-lei, LIAO Yuan, ZHOU Yi-chen. Nondestructive Techniques in the Research and Preservation of Cultural Relics. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2018, 38(07): 2026-2031.

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