太平天国侍王府壁画制作材料的光谱学分析

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2024)02-0452-08

摘要
参考文献
相关文章 (15)

全文: PDF (46134 KB)
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要：金华侍王府壁画是我国南方殿堂壁画的典型代表，也是太平天国时期保存最完整、绘画最多的壁画遗存。由于地处南方潮湿地区，侍王府壁画在环境因素的影响下，出现了多种病害，保存状况不容乐观。为了保护好这一重要壁画遗存，需要对壁画的制作材料进行科学研究。利用手持式X射线荧光光谱仪(pXRF)和便携式拉曼光谱仪(Raman)在现场开展原位无损分析，初步查明壁画红色颜料使用了朱砂(HgS)和铁红(Fe₂O₃)，白色颜料主要为方解石(CaCO₃)，其他颜料受分析条件的限制，未能检测出显色成分。通过微损取样获得颜料样品和地仗样品若干，在实验室利用显微红外光谱(μ-FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、显微拉曼光谱(μ-Raman)、热裂解气相色谱质谱联用(Py-GC/MS)等光谱分析技术对蓝绿色颜料、地仗成分、胶结材料类型、纤维种类等开展分析研究，结果表明：蓝色颜料为乾隆中后期传入中国并大量使用的第一个现代合成颜料普鲁士蓝(Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃)，绿色颜料有三种，包括人造氯铜矿[Cu₂Cl(OH)₃]，巴黎绿颜料的变色产物氯砷钠铜石[NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)₄Cl·5H₂O]，还有首次在我国发现的锥绿铅铜矿[Pb₂₁Cu₂₀Cl₄₂(OH)₄₀·6H₂O]，但目前的研究还未见锥绿铅铜矿作为颜料使用的案例，我国境内也未见此类矿物的报道，认为侍王府壁画中发现的锥绿铅铜矿是其他含铜颜料变色的产物。Py-GC/MS研究结果表明，侍王府壁画颜料层中存在脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸，这是动物胶的主要成分，故侍王府壁画胶结材料使用了动物胶。通过计算壁画泥质地仗和石灰地仗样品中纤维的红外光谱特征峰比值R₁（I_{1 595}/I_{1 105}）和R₂（I_{1 595}/I_{2 900}），得出壁画泥质地仗中的纤维为苎麻纤维，石灰地仗中的纤维为棉花纤维。该研究为太平天国侍王府壁画颜料鉴定、修复材料选择及保护提供了科学依据。

关键词：光谱分析；壁画；颜料；纤维

Abstract：The murals in Prince Shi's Palace are typical of the murals in southern China, and they are also the most complete and painted mural relics of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Because it is located in a humid area in the south, under the influence of environmental factors, the murals of Prince Shi's Palace have appeared with various diseases, and the preservation status is not optimistic. In order to protect this important mural, it is necessary to conduct scientific research on the production materials of murals. The nondestructive analysis was carried out by p-XRF and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that cinnabar (HgS) and hematite (Fe₂O₃) were used as the red pigments for the murals, and the white pigments were mainly calcite (CaCO₃). Analytical conditions limit other pigments, and no color components are detected. Several trace pigment and ground samples were obtained by sampling, and spectroscopic analysis techniques such as microscopic infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrum(Py-GC/MS) were used in the laboratory to analyze the blue-green pigments, ground components, binding material, types of fibers, etc. The results show that blue pigment is the first modern synthetic pigment prussianblue (Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃), introduced into China and widely used in the middle and late Qianlong period. There are three kinds of green pigments, including synthetic atacamite, lavendulan, green discoloration product of paris green, and cumengite, first discovered in China. However, the current research has not seen the case of the use of cumengite as a pigment, and there is no report of such minerals in China. It is believed that the cumengite found in the murals is the product of the discoloration of other copper containing pigments. The results of Py-GC/MS show that there are proline and hydroxyproline in the pigment layer of the murals in prince Shi's Palace, which are the main components of animal glue, so animal glue is used as the cementing material for the murals. By calculating the infrared spectral characteristic peak ratios (I_{1 595}/I_{1 105}) and R₂ (I_{1 595}/I_{2 900}) of the fibers in the mural mud ground and lime ground, it is concluded that the fibers in the mural mud ground are ramie fibers and the fibers in the lime ground are cotton fibers. The research provides a scientific basis for pigment identification, restoration materials selection and scientific conservation of murals in Prince Shi's Palace of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Key words：Spectral analysis; Mural; Pigment; Fiber

收稿日期: 2022-07-07 修订日期: 2022-10-29

中图分类号:

K878.2

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20282)，甘肃省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2021)资助

通讯作者: 于宗仁 E-mail: 13588975@qq.com

作者简介: 水碧纹，1986年生，敦煌研究院副研究员，西北大学文化遗产学院博士研究生 e-mail: shuibiwen@126.com

引用本文:

水碧纹，孙满利，于宗仁，王卓，赵金丽，崔强. 太平天国侍王府壁画制作材料的光谱学分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2024, 44(02): 452-459.
SHUI Bi-wen, SUN Man-li, YU Zong-ren, WANG Zhuo, ZHAO Jin-li, CUI Qiang. Spectroscopic Analysis of the Mural's Materials in Prince Shi's Palace of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(02): 452-459.

链接本文:

https://www.gpxygpfx.com/CN/10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2024)02-0452-08 或 https://www.gpxygpfx.com/CN/Y2024/V44/I02/452

[1] LI Qian, ZHANG Bing-jian, HE Shi-yang(李倩, 张秉坚, 何士扬). Cultural Relics of the East(东方博物), 2019, (3): 117.
[2] CAO Zhen-yu(曹振宇). History of Chinese Dye Industry(中国染料工业史). Beijing: China Light Industry Press(北京: 中国轻工业出版社), 2009.
[3] WANG Zhuo, SU Bo-min, YU Zong-ren, et al(王卓, 苏伯民, 于宗仁，等). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析), 2020, 40(2): 356.
[4] Franquelo M L, Duran A, Herrera L L, et al. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2009, 924-926: 404.
[5] Bailey K. Studies in Conservation, 2012, 57(2): 116.
[6] XIA Yin(夏寅). WenBo(文博), 2009, (6): 342.
[7] Frost R, Weier M, Williams P, et al. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2007, 38: 574.
[8] Li Zhimin, Wang Lele, Ma Qinglin, et al. Heritage Science, 2020, 8(1): 64.
[9] Frost R L, Williams P A, Martens W. Mineralogical Magazine, 2003, 67: 103.
[10] Cruciani G, Orlandi P, Pasero M, et al. Mineralogical Magazine, 2005, 69(6): 1037.
[11] Scott D. Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation(艺术品中的铜和青铜：腐蚀产物，颜料，保护). Translated by MA Qing-lin, PAN Lu, et al(马清林，潘路，等译). Beijing: Science Press(北京：科学出版社)，2009，115.
[12] ZHAO Jin-li, SU Bo-min, YU Zong-ren, et al(赵金丽，苏伯民，于宗仁，等). Journal of Northwest Normal University (Natural Science)[西北师范大学学报(自然科学版)], 2019, 55(3): 72.
[13] YAN Hui-na, ZHAO Feng, XING Meng-yang, et al(闫惠娜, 赵丰, 邢梦阳，等). Journal of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(Natural Sciences)[浙江理工大学学报(自然科学版)], 2017, 37(2): 185.
[14] Garside P, Wyeth P. Studies in Conservation, 2003, 48(4): 269.
[15] WANG Cheng-yun, LIU Cai-ming, LI Li-xia, et al(王成云，刘彩明，李丽霞，等). China Fiber Inspection(中国纤检), 2007, (8): 38.
[16] ZHU Rui, YANG Fei, ZHOU Bo, et al(朱睿，杨飞，周波，等). Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报), 2014, 30(12): 258.