|
|
|
|
|
|
| Scientific Analysis of Materials and Technology of Jades Unearthed from Cemeteries Dated to Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Xiyasi, Xinzheng |
| LIU Jun1, 2, FAN Wen-quan3, HU Yong-qing3, LIU Song1, 2, LI Qing-hui1, 2* |
1.Center of Sci-Tech Archaeology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
2.Center of Materials Science and Optoelectromics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Institute of Cultural Relics in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The Chinese Jade culture has a long history. The processing techniques of jade have been continuously developed and improved during various periods, and to some extent, it can reflect the condition of productive forces, cultural, trade, technical communications and other information of ancient societies. In this paper, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), Optical microscopy (OM), combined with silicone resin molding method are used to analyze some jade artifacts unearthed from cemeteries dated to Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Xiyasi, Xinzheng, Henan province. Mineral property is determined by XRF and LRS, then OM technology is used to characterize the micro-marks on surfaces, in holes of the jade artifacts, and also on the surfaces of silicone molds. Based on the features of micro-marks, the processing techniques have been identified, especially for the processing techniques of incising decorations and perforations. The relationships between mineral properties and processing techniques are discussed finally. The results of XRF and LRS show that the main mineral phases of jade artifacts include tremolite, talc, mica and crystal. According to the features of micro-marks obtained, there are two kinds of tools used to incise the decorations. One is the rotary wheels, and the other is hand-held hard tools. The micro-mark characteristics of drilling process show that solid drills and tubular drills are used to drill holes from single-side or double-sides/multi-sides. Although solid drilling technology is adopted in some jades, there are some differences in drills’ shape and abrasive sand used or not. Jades of different material properties adopt different processing techniques. Talc jade, whose mohs hardness is 1, is mainly plaques and uses pointed hand-held tools to incise surface decoration and solid tool-heads which are probably cone-shaped to drill holes without adding abrasive sand. Mica jade, whose mohs hardness is 2~3, is mainly slotted rings called Jue and uses rotary wheels to incise the surface decorations. It adopts single-side drilling method and its tools for drilling are tubular drills. Tremolite jade, which has a mohs hardness of 5~6, is also mainly plaque shaped, surface decorations are incised by rotary wheels, and the holes are mainly carried out by solid tools to drill from both sides with abrasive sand. The shape of the drills is cone-shaped, very similar to that of talc jade. For crystal beads, its mohs hardness is 7, the drilling technology mainly adopts solid tools to drill from both or multiple sides and the drills might be cylindrical. This indicates that connections between the processing technology of jade and the material properties and shape of jade do exist.
|
|
Received: 2018-09-21
Accepted: 2019-01-14
|
|
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
LI Qing-hui
E-mail: qinghuil@sina.com
|
|
[1] Yue C L, Song G D, Zhu J. Archaeometry, 2017, 59(3): 566.
[2] Douglas J G. Science in China(Series E: Technological Sciences), 2008, (4): 467.
[3] YE Xiao-hong, LIU Xin, JIANG Hong-jie(叶晓红, 刘 新, 蒋宏杰). Cultural Relics in Southern China(南方文物), 2015, (4): 112.
[4] YE Xiao-hong, TANG Ji-gen, XU Fei(叶晓红, 唐际根, 徐 飞). Cultural Relics in Southern China(南方文物), 2016, (4): 128.
[5] YE Xiao-hong(叶晓红). Cultural Relics of Central China(中原文物), 2018, (2): 65.
[6] ZHAO Ling-wei, CHEN Hai-long, ZHAO Hong-xia(赵灵委, 陈海龙, 赵红霞). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析), 2018, 38(5)：1420.
[7] ZHONG Dan-xia, GUO Mu-sen, HU Yong-qing(钟丹霞, 郭木森, 胡永庆). Chinese Journal of Lasers(中国激光), 2018, 45(1)：146.
[8] Zhao H X, Li Q H, Liu S. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2014, 45：173.
[9] Margaret S, Nigel D M, Carol M, et al. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2004, (31): 1413.
[10] Sax M, McNabb J, Meeks N D. Archaeometry, 1998, 40(1): 1.
[11] Sax Margaret, Ji Kunzhang. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013, 40(2): 1067.
[12] Gwendolyn O Kelly. Archaeological Research in Asia, 2016, (6): 30.
[13] DU Jin-peng，ZHANG You-lai(杜金鹏，张友来). Study of Ancient Jade of the Longshan Culture from Xizhufeng, Linqu(临朐西朱封龙山文化玉器研究). Beijing：Science Press(北京：科学出版社), 2015. 199. |
| [1] |
YUAN Yi-meng1, 2, HU Yong-qing3, LIU Song1, 2, LI Qing-hui1, 2*. Scientific and Technological Analysis of Jades Unearthed From Cemeteries Dated to Eastern Zhou Dynasty From Tomb No.1 in Hougudui, Gushi, Henan Province[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2021, 41(04): 1306-1313. |
|
|
|
|
