Study on the Firing Process and Composition of Coarse White Porcelain From the Hebi Ji Kiln During the Song and Jin Dynasties
LI Ji-hong1, ZHAO Wei-juan1, 2*, ZHANG Bin3, NIU He-bin4, WANG Bing1, LIU Hai-dong1
1. School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhongyuan Light Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2. School of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001，China
3. Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
4. Cultural Relics Team of Hebi City, Hebi 458030, China
Abstract：As a famous folk kiln in the northern central plains, the Hebi Ji kiln had a grand production scale, a wide variety of types, and exquisite craftsmanship, with white-glazed porcelain as its main production. Also, it produced a variety of glazed porcelains, such as black-glazed, Jun-glazed, yellow-glazed, and bean-glazed porcelains. In this study, the chemical compositions, microstructures, and reflectance spectra of the body glaze of Song Dynasty coarse white porcelain, incised flower coarse white porcelain, and Jin Dynasty coarse white porcelain from the Hebi Ji kiln were tested and analyzed using the techniques of proton-excited X-ray fluorescence (PIXE), polarized light microscopy (OM), spectrophotometer (UV-Vis-NIR) and thermal expansion meter (TD). The results of the study show that most of the three types of coarse white porcelain in the Hebi ji kiln show a faint yellow-green hue and are dominated by a yellow hue, with the reflectance of most of the samples distributed in the range of 43.4R%~57.2R%, and the glaze brightness value L* is generally high, distributed in the range of 72.3~90.3. Song and Jin dynasties' coarse white porcelain glaze formula is relatively stable, of which the Jin Dynasty and Song Dynasty coarse white porcelain glaze formula is the same, carved flowers in the white porcelain glaze in addition to the total amount of flux relative to the other two types of low, the rest of the chemical composition is the same. Three types of coarse white porcelain glaze belong to the calcium alkali glaze system, and the glaze layer and the body between the existence of varying thicknesses of the cosmetic clay layer. Three coarse white porcelain carcass types have northern high alumina and low silicon characteristics; the Jin Dynasty coarse white porcelain carcass flux content is slightly lower than that of the two types of coarse white porcelain in the Song Dynasty, and the raw material characteristics are similar. During the Song Dynasty, the firing temperatures of coarse white porcelain were generally higher. Specifically, the firing temperatures for standard coarse white porcelain ranged from 1 250~1 340 ℃, while the carved coarse white porcelain was fired at temperatures between 1 310 and 1 390 ℃. Both types exhibited states of “the raw firing” and “the over firing” with generally good body density. In contrast, the firing temperatures for coarse white porcelain during the Jin Dynasty were lower, ranging from 1220~1250 ℃. These pieces were mostly in a "raw firing" state, resulting in poorer sintering. Hebi Ji kiln Jin dynasty coarse white porcelain and Song dynasty coarse white porcelain compared porcelain production process has declined. This study comprehensively analyses the process characteristics and development trends of the coarse white porcelain of the Hebi Ji kiln, which is of great value in understanding its relationship with other kilns and lays a scientific foundation for further future clarification of its relationship with other kilns.
Key words：Hebi Ji kiln; Coarse white porcelain; PIXE; Firing process; UV-Vis-NIR
李季鸿，赵维娟，张 斌，牛和斌，王 兵，刘海东. 鹤壁集窑宋金粗白瓷的烧制工艺与成分研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2024, 44(12): 3414-3421.
LI Ji-hong, ZHAO Wei-juan, ZHANG Bin, NIU He-bin, WANG Bing, LIU Hai-dong. Study on the Firing Process and Composition of Coarse White Porcelain From the Hebi Ji Kiln During the Song and Jin Dynasties. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2024, 44(12): 3414-3421.
