古代陶器烧制温度的红外光谱分析研究

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2023)05-1495-06

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摘要：烧制温度是研究古代陶瓷工艺演进的重要参数，不同时期和功能陶器的烧制温度可能存在显著差异。热膨胀等传统方法主要针对较高温度下烧制的陶瓷制品分析，但我国新石器至青铜时代部分陶器的烧制温度相对较低，如何对其进行准确测定是古代陶器研究方面的一项难题。建立了一种基于红外光谱分析的陶器烧制温度测定方法。由于陶器中的黏土矿物受热后发生不可逆的结构变化，其红外光谱在3 625、1 030、640、560和525 cm^-1处的特征吸收峰会随烧制温度的升高发生改变，有潜力作为古代陶器烧制温度的判别标尺。首先对7件分别在450～1 050 ℃下烧制的模拟样品进行红外光谱分析，结果显示其光谱特征与烧制温度间存在较好的对应关系。利用这一现象可以基于古代陶器的红外光谱特征反推其原始烧制温度，并将测定结果限制在100 ℃区间内。选取2件商代陶器和2件陶范样品进行红外光谱分析，结果显示2件陶器中1件的烧制温度在550～650 ℃之间，另1件则在850 ℃以上，说明商代不同类型陶器的烧制温度也可能具有明显差异。2件陶范的烧制温度均在550 ℃以下，显示对于功能不同的陶制品，商代工匠会有意识地选择不同的烧制工艺。红外光谱具有取样量小、分析速度快等优势，在仅对文物造成微小损伤的前提下大量测定考古出土陶器的烧制温度和研究中国古代陶器烧制工艺发展，挖掘其技术价值与文化内涵方面具有较大潜力。

关键词：红外光谱；烧制温度；陶器；考古

Abstract：Firing temperature is a key technical parameter for the study of the development of ancient ceramic technology. Different firing temperatures might be used for ceramics from the varied chronological periods and functions. Thermal expansion analysis, can only be used to study high-fired ceramics and porcelains. It is challenging to determine the firing temperature of low-fired potteries from Neolithic and Bronze Age China. Current research developed an innovative method for studying ceramic firing temperature based on FTIR analysis. The structure of clay minerals in ceramics would be altered when exposed to high temperature, and a series of changes would happen to their FTIR bands at 3 625，1 030，640，560 and 525 cm^-1. These altered bands are potential indicators of ceramic firing temperature. Seven experimental ceramic samples fired between 450 ℃ and 1 050 ℃ were analyzed with FTIR, and the result shows a strong correlation between firing temperature and spectral features. In this light, the original firing temperature of ancient ceramics could be inferred based on their IR spectrum within an interval of 100℃. This method analysed two Shang period pottery samples and two casting mould samples. It is revealed that one pottery sample was fired between 550 ℃ and 650 ℃ while the other one was higher than 850 ℃. This result indicates highly varied firing techniques for different types of potteries. Both casting mould samples were fired below 550 ℃, demonstrating that the ceramics with different functions were consciously fired at different temperatures. Since FTIR is a fast analytical technique and requires only a small sample, it can be used to determine firing temperatures for large assemblages of archaeological ceramics without significant damage to the integrity of artefacts. It has great potential in investigating the development of ceramic firing techniques and revealing their technological and cultural significance.

Key words：FTIR; Firing temperature; Ceramic; Archaeology

收稿日期: 2022-02-26 修订日期: 2022-07-05

中图分类号:

K876.3

基金资助: 国家重点研发计划课题（2019YFC1520201），国家社会科学基金重大项目（17ZDA178）资助

作者简介: 刘思然，1987年生，北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院副教授 e-mail: siran.liu@ustb.edu.cn

引用本文:

刘思然，宫鑫，严弼宸. 古代陶器烧制温度的红外光谱分析研究[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2023, 43(05): 1495-1500.
LIU Si-ran, GONG Xin, YAN Bi-chen. Determining the Firing Temperature of Ancient Ceramics With FTIR Analysis. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(05): 1495-1500.

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