内蒙古锦鸡儿属植物叶片矿质元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

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惠岑怿, 冯金朝, 石莎. 内蒙古锦鸡儿属植物叶片矿质元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2018,38(4): 1240-1250.
HUI Cen-yi, FENG Jin-chao, SHI Sha. Study on the Determination of Mineral Elements in Three Caragana Fabr. Species in Inner Mongolia by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry [J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2018,38(4): 1240-1250.
Doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2018)04-1240-05 复制到剪切板

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内蒙古锦鸡儿属植物叶片矿质元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

惠岑怿, 冯金朝, 石莎^*

中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081

*通讯联系人 e-mail: shisha@muc.edu.cn

作者简介: 惠岑怿, 1978年生, 中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院副教授 e-mail: huicenyi@muc.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2017-07-27 接受日期: 2017-12-11

基金: 国家自然科学基金项目(31570407), 中央民族大学青年学术团队引领计划项目(2017MDYL33), 中央民族大学少数民族事业发展协同创新中心项目资助

摘要

基于内蒙古典型草原相同生境条件, 以柠条锦鸡儿、小叶锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿为灌木类植物的代表, 研究锦鸡儿属植物叶片中11种矿质元素含量特征及离子平衡对植物适应环境尤其是逆境的响应。应用在线内标加入和碰撞/反应池(ORS)技术消除质谱干扰, 以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)快速、同时测定植物叶片中K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, B, Na, Zn, Cu, Ni和Mo等多种矿质元素含量。以硝酸和双氧水为消解酸, 微波仪消解样品, 选择相应同位素, 以3.5 mL·min^-1为He流速; K, Na, Ca, Mg和P元素检出限为0.62~2.90 μg·L^-1; Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Mo和B元素检出限为0.01~0.12 μg·L^-1; 样品加标回收率在82.0%~117.2%, 相对标准偏差在1.12%~3.68%之间, 具有较高的准确度和精密度。该方法实现对灌木类植物样品中大量元素和微量元素进行同时、快速及批量分析, 结果显示三种锦鸡儿属植物叶片矿质元素含量大小顺序均为K>Mg>P>Ca, K⁺作为抗旱性机制中重要的渗透调节物质, 含量最高, 均值达到1.27%; 狭叶锦鸡儿叶片Mn, Cu和Zn元素含量高于柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿, 后两者一致; 叶片11种矿质离子平衡总量以柠条锦鸡儿最大(40 089.32 μg·g^-1), 明显高于狭叶锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿。该研究通过对锦鸡儿属植物叶片多种矿质元素进行快速、同时测定并分析逆境适应下多种矿质元素含量特征, 初步探讨植物叶片矿质离子平衡对植物抗性的响应。

关键词: 电感耦合等离子体质谱; 锦鸡儿属; 矿质元素; 八级杆碰撞/反应池系统

中图分类号:O657.3 文献标志码:A

Study on the Determination of Mineral Elements in Three Caragana Fabr. Species in Inner Mongolia by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

HUI Cen-yi, FENG Jin-chao, SHI Sha^*

Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China

Abstract

Based on the same habitat conditions of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, studies were carried out about the response of mineral elements of Caragana korshinskii, C. microphylla and C. stenophylla as the representative of shrub species to plant drought resistance. Samples of the grass leaves were digested with microwave digestion, and 11 mineral elements contents of K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, B, Na, Zn, Cu, Ni and Mo in the solution were determined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) with the equipment of collision/reaction pool (ORS) which effectively eliminate interference. HNO₃ and H₂O₂ was used to achieve the complete decomposition of the complex matrix in a closed-vessel microwave oven. The results showed that the limit of detection for the K, Na, Ca, Mg and P varied from 0.62 to 2.90 μg·L^-1, and the Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Mo and B from 0.01 to 0.12 μg·L^-1. The recovery rate was found to be 82.0%~117.2% in adding standard recovery experiment and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was between 1.12% and 3.68%, which mean that this method was simple, sensitive and precise. The results showed that the contents of mineral elements in the leaves of three species were K>Mg>P>Ca, and it is possible that the determination of the contents of mineral elements in the plant species were made in the same time, promptitude and batch analysis. The concentration of Mn, Cu and Zn in C. microphylla were higher than that of C. korshinskii and C. stenophylla, and the latter were similar. Of the total amount of the 11 kinds of mineral ions of the three species, C. korshinskii was the highest (40 089.32 μg·g^-1), which was significantly higher than that of C. microphylla and C. stenophylla. As the routine method in our laboratory, the satisfactory results indicate that it has great potential for the determination of all mineral elements by one single analysis and batch measurement in plant samples. This study provides basic data for the study of plant nutrition and ion groups.

Keyword: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectra; Grass plant leaves; Mineral elements; Octopole collision/reaction system

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引言

植物矿质营养元素含量特征及其分配格局, 在其生理反应、生长发育过程及生长环境中都发挥着特定作用^[1]。 N, P, K, Ca和Mg等元素, 是组成植物有机体、辅酶和参与渗透调节作用的常量元素, 而植物体中的Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ni和Fe等微量元素又具有组成辅基, 通过化合价变化, 进行电子转移的重要生理生化功能。因此, 研究植物体中矿质元素的含量变化及其分布格局, 是植物适应环境(尤其是逆境适应)的重要途径。

豆科锦鸡儿属(Caragana Fabr. )是欧亚大陆特产, 欧亚草原植物亚区的典型植被, 落叶灌木, 抗旱、抗寒、耐贫瘠、繁殖性强, 对中国干旱、半干旱地区防风治沙、固氮及改善局部小环境具有良好的生态环境效益^[2], 其矿质元素含量特征也逐渐成为生态学研究的热点。刘颖等研究小叶锦鸡儿Fe, Mn, Zn和Cu等矿质元素含量依次减少, 并与陆生高等植物平均含量进行了对比, 表现为Fe, Mn和Zn等微量元素缺乏症状; Zong等^[2]发现柠条锦鸡儿受蛀虫损害后叶片P, K, Mg, Mn和Fe元素含量降低。另外, 一些学者对小叶锦鸡儿对周围土壤C, N和P等元素含量变化和营养吸收进行了研究^{[3, 4]}。还有研究表明盐胁迫下锦鸡儿属植物叶片离子Na和K含量有不同的变化^[5]。目前, 这些研究主要集中在N, P和K等元素的研究, 而对于K, B, Mg, Ca, Mn, Cu和Zn等多种矿质元素或离子组水平的研究比较匮乏。近年来分子遗传技术的迅速发展, 使植物营养研究不断深入到分子水平, 对植物体内矿质离子平衡机理的认识不断加深。现代高通量元素分析手段(ICP-MS/OES)的出现, 实现了同时测定多种元素含量离子组学日益成为植物营养学研究领域的一个重要方向。

植物体高通量多元素同时测定, 通常采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)等分析手段。前者虽然有灵敏度高、分析速度快、多元素同时测定等特点, 但对于含量极低元素的分析, 其检出限难以达到检测要求, ICP-MS则具有比ICP-OES更低的检出限和更高的灵敏度^[6]等优势, 在生物学领域中应用广泛^[7]。本研究采用最新的碰撞/反应池系统(ORS)消除干扰和在线内标加入法, 以内蒙古典型草原锦鸡儿属植物为代表, 对灌木类植物样品中矿质元素进行快速、多元素同时测定, 为植物逆境与植物体内离子组的变化等研究, 以及植物营养和生理生态的适应性和退化草地的恢复保护提供支持。

1 实验部分

1.1 仪器与试剂

7700× 电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS, 美国Agilent公司) 。 SINEO微波消解仪(上海新仪公司)。 1 000 mg· L^-1的K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Ni和Zn混合标准液, 10 mg· L^-1的B, Mo和P单元素标准液(美国Agitent公司)。高纯He气体(纯度99.999%)。 HNO₃和H₂O₂均为色谱纯(北京化学试剂研究所)。实验用水为Millipore纯水制备的超纯水(电阻率18.2 MQ· cm)。 7月生长季在内蒙古海拉尔典型草原(呼伦湖地区)采集样品, 分别是柠条锦鸡儿Caragana korshinskii Kom.(蒙名: 查干哈日格那, 样品标记为S1), 小叶锦鸡儿C. microphylla Lam.(蒙名: 乌乐日哈日格那, 样品标记为S2), 狭叶锦鸡儿C. stenophylla Pojark.(蒙名: 纳日音— 哈日嘎那, 样品标记为S3), 分别收割新鲜的叶片, 烘箱60 ℃干燥24 h, 研磨成粉末, 放干燥器内, 待测定。

1.2 实验方法

1.2.1 仪器条件

调谐和优化ICP-MS的各项工作参数, 设定为: RF功率1 550 W, 雾化器流速1.0 L· min^-1, 等离子气流速15.0 L· min^-1, 辅助气流速1.0 L· min^-1, 背景值(59与205质量数) < 0.60 cps, CeO/Ce为1.51%, Ce²⁺/Ce为1.53%, 采样深度为7.5 mm, 雾化室温度2 ℃, 动能歧视(KED)的碰撞池模式, He气流速3.5 L· min^-1, 检测器为脉冲和模拟双模式。

1.2.2 样品消解

称取0.300 g样品于Teflon消解罐里, 加入5.0 mL HNO₃, 再加入2.0 mL H₂ ${O_{2}}^{[8]}$ , 放入微波消解仪内, 消解程序: 800 W下10 min升温至160 ℃, 保持5 min; 然后在1 600 W下10 min升温至200 ℃, 保持25 min。消解完后冷却至室温, 用超纯水定容至50 mL, 溶液有少量白色沉淀, 用水性滤膜过滤除掉, 得到清亮的溶液。取滤液5 mL, 用超纯水定容至50 mL, 摇匀。同时做两个空白实验。在线内标加入, 上机测定。

1.2.3 标准溶液

精密量取1 000 mg· L^-1的B, Mo和P单元素标准溶液, 用2%硝酸溶液稀释, 定容, 分别配制成100 mg· L^-1单元素标准液。精密量取各单元素标准液, 混合, 定容, 制备得10 mg· L^-1的混合标准液, 再配成0, 10, 50, 250, 1 000, 4 000和10 000 μ g· L^-1的系列混合标准液(Ⅰ ); 精密量取10 mg· L^-1的Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn和Ni混合标准液, 2%硝酸溶液稀释, 配成0, 10, 50, 250, 1 000和4 000 μ g· L^-1的系列混合标准液(Ⅱ )。在线加入内标, 上机测定。

2 结果与讨论

2.1 质谱干扰校正

质谱型的干扰主要来源于同量异位素的干扰和分子离子的干扰。本试验通过仪器调谐和同位素选择(表1)降低氧化物和双电荷质谱干扰, 避开大量同量异位素重叠。分子离子的干扰, 采用ORS中He模式基本上消除。另外, 本仪器采用高基体系统(high matrix introduction, HMI)和高温等离子体技术, 降低Ce²⁺/Ce的比例, 减少氧化物干扰。尽管如此, 仍然存在部分干扰。

八极杆碰撞/反应池系统(ORS)消除分子离子干扰, 采用动能歧视(KED)碰撞模式即向碰撞池引入He气, 离子束中干扰的分子离子由于比待测离子有更大的横截面, 与He碰撞频率高, 碰撞后其动能降低, 干扰离子便不能进入四级杆。由此, 系统首先除去干扰物离子而基本不损失待测离子, 这样有效减少多原子离子干扰, 特别对于高基体样品, ORS优化了仪器的耐受能力。对小叶锦鸡儿样品复杂基体试液, 在No Gas模式和He模式下, 分别采集信号, 进行质谱对比, 如图1(截取强度坐标为2.0× 10⁶的部分质谱图)。从No Gas模式[图1(a)]到He[图1(b)]模式, 各种待测矿质元素或杂质离子信号强度降低, 特别对于高浓度的Na和K等。在保持仪器灵敏度和准确性的情况下, 采用ORS技术对植物类样品可消除质谱干扰, 提高复杂基体样品的测定准确度和浓度范围。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 (a)No Gas模式和(b)He模式下小叶锦鸡儿叶片中矿质元素的质谱图(强度坐标为2.0× 10⁶)Fig.1 Mass Spectrum of mineral elements in Caragana microphylla Leaves in (a) No Gas or (b) He Model (The intensity coordinates 2.0× 10⁶)

2.2 碰撞池He流速

He模式下, He流速影响待测元素的灵敏度和消除干扰。考察He在不同流速下各待测元素灵敏度(归一化处理)的变化。从图2可以看出, 随着He流量的加大, 待测元素灵敏度降低, 且质量数越小的元素效应越大。所以轻质量元素一般不用ORS系统, 而中等质量数或较重质量数元素选用No gas模式来消除干扰。锦鸡儿属植物样品, 基体复杂, K, Mg和P等元素含量高, 使用He模式可以利用这一“ 信号降低” , 在保持灵敏度(≥ 5 Mcps/mg· L^-1)情况下, 相当于“ 稀释” 高浓度分析元素而测定。所以, 在保持待测元素特别是非金属P灵敏度、氧化物(CeO/Ce) 和双电荷(Ce²⁺/Ce)等调谐指标的情况下, 本研究选择He流速为3.5 mL· min^-1, 此时CeO/Ce为1.16%, Ce²⁺/Ce为1.84%。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 He流速对待测11种元素灵敏度 (归一化处理)的影响 2.3 非质谱干扰校正Fig.2 Effect of He flow rate on the normalized signal sensitivity of 11 mineral elements in the plant samples

非质谱干扰主要来自于基体效应, 消除基体干扰的方法是基体匹配和内标校正。空白液、标准液、样品液和校验样品液需要一定程度的基体相似性, 所以需使溶剂或整体酸类型和浓度一致。如果液体样品的盐含量过高, 产生空间电荷效应和电离信号抑制, 那么稀释样品液以保持与标准液和空白溶液的基体一致, 消除基体影响。另外, 适当的内标元素能较好地校正基体效应^[9], 通过内标回收率可实现动态监测, 消除伴随过程中发生的信号漂移现象, 进而保持仪器测定的稳定和准确性。本研究所有空白溶液、标准溶液、待测溶液基体基本一致, 通过双蠕动泵管进样系统, 在线加入1.0 μ g· mL^-1的混合内标溶液(表1)。结果显示, 内标回收率始终稳定在90%~105%之间, 表明仪器具有较好的准确性和稳定性。

表1 待测矿质元素对同位素、 ORS模式以及内标元素的选择 Table 1 Isotopic, ORS mode and internal standard elements of Mineral elements

2.4 标准曲线及检出限

以各待测元素信号与内标元素计数值(cps)比率为纵坐标, 对各元素浓度进行线性回归, 得到11种元素标准曲线。各待测元素的相关系数均大于0.999 7, 方法的线性关系好。全流程空白溶液重复测定11次, 计算其响应值标准偏差, 取3倍标准偏差除以灵敏度, 得到各元素的检出限(表2)。

表2 待测元素的线性范围、相关系数和检出限(n=11) Table 2 Linear range, correlation coefficient and detection limit of each element (n=11)

2.5 方法的准确度和精密性

按“ 1.2实验方法” 的分析条件和测定步骤, 将小叶锦鸡儿样品称取两份, 一份直接消解测定, 测定5次, 取平均值, 得样品本底值; 另一份, 先向其加入标准液, 消解测定, 得测定量。以测定量减去本底值, 除以加标量, 计算得样品加标回收率。重复测定11次, 考察方法的加标回收率和精密度^[10](表3)。结果表明, 所有待测元素的加标回收率在92.80%~115.85%之间, 相对标准偏差小于3.68%, 准确度和精密度较好。

表3 待测元素的样品加标回收率及精密度(n=5) Table 3 Recovery of standard addition and precision (n=5)

2.6 样品分析

植物叶片对环境敏感且可塑, 叶片营养元素组成可反映植物的生态策略, 也是生境响应的一种表征^[11]。选取内蒙古典型草原相同生境条件的锦鸡儿属植物, 分析其叶片11种矿质元素含量, 结果如表4, 三种植物叶片矿质元素含量顺序为K> Mg> P> Ca。锦鸡儿属植物具有抗旱性, 表现为狭叶锦鸡儿> 柠条锦鸡儿> 小叶锦鸡儿^[12]; 渗透调节是植物抗旱性的一种重要生理保护机制, 参与渗透调节的两大类物质, 如细胞内合成的有机物如脯氨酸及其他有机溶质, 及K⁺和其他无机离子, 这些外界环境物质进入植物细胞内, 调节液泡的渗透势, 维持膨压等生理过程^[13]。本研究中的锦鸡儿属植物K含量最高, 均值达到1.27%, 低于黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生长季柠条锦鸡儿叶片K含量(1.47%)^[11]。这可能由于在不同生境长期适应的结果。另外, 植物有强的抗旱性, 还与高同化速率和较强的抗氧化能力相关, 如超氧化物岐化酶(SOD), 过氧化物酶(POD )和“ 抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环” (“ ASA-GSH cycle” )等, 这些酶是其适应干旱环境的物质基础^[13]。 SOD以Cu, Zn为辅基(Cu.Zn— SOD)和以Mn为辅基(Mn— SOD), 它们亟需吸收环境中多种矿质元素以保持机体内矿质平衡。因此, 离子组的改变可以作为一个信号因子, 反映植物所处的特定环境状态, 例如冷冻、干旱、盐渍等各种逆境, 营养条件的改变, 都可能存在动态的离子组变化。本研究以狭叶锦鸡儿抗旱性最强, 而狭叶锦鸡儿叶片Mn, Cu和Zn元素含量高于柠条锦鸡儿和小叶锦鸡儿, 后两者相似, 此结果与三种锦鸡儿属植物的抗旱性一致。在植物营养水平、生理状态及抗性适应等研究中, 考察植物体内矿质平衡离子成分及含量等变化, 这对于提高植物养分吸收过程的本质及其和体内养分间交互作用的认识, 以及植物营养性状的遗传改良等提供支持。有关各种逆境与离子组变化、植物矿质离子平衡及相关调控基因控制网络等需要下一步深入研究。此三种锦鸡儿属植物, 柠条锦鸡儿叶片矿质元素总量最大(40 089.32 μ g· g^-1), 明显高于后两者, 而小叶锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡叶片的矿质元素总量基本一致。这可能主要由物种决定, 锦鸡儿属植物不同物种长期适应环境和进化的结果, 其进化和适应机制需进一步研究。

表4 ICP-MS测定样品中11种矿质元素含量(μ g· g^-1) Table 4 Contents of 11 elements in samples by ICP-MS (μ g· g^-1)

3 结论

锦鸡儿属灌木类植物样品经过微波消解, 直接进样测定, ICP-MS采用ORS和在线内标加入以及选择合适He流速等方法, 有效地消除质谱干扰和保持仪器的稳定, 快速、同时测定大量元素和微量元素, 结果显示准确度、精密度好。植物类样品特别是叶片中矿质元素含量及其分布特征的质谱分析, 以及研究植物体内离子组平衡的动态变化, 可为全面和深入探讨植物对环境的适应性如抗旱性机制等, 植物生理学、离子组学以及全球气候变化研究等研究提供支撑。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

文献列表

[1]	QIN Hai, LI Jun-xiang, GAO San-ping, et al(秦海, 李俊祥, 高三平, 等). Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报), 2010, 30(5): 1246. [本文引用:1]
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[4]	Li Yulin, Jing Chen, Cui Jianyuan, et al. Ecological Engineering, 2013, 53: 299. [本文引用:1]
[5]	Hui Yan, Hu Xiaotao, Li Fusheng. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2012, 34(6): 2285. [本文引用:1]
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[8]	Barros J A, Virgilio A, Schiavo D, et al. Microchemical Journal, 2017, 133: 567. [本文引用:1]
[9]	LI Tan-ping, XIE Hua-lin, NIE Xi-du(李坦平, 谢华林, 聂西度). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析), 2015, 35(10): 2882. [本文引用:1]
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[11]	DENG Lei, WANG Hong-zhe, SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping, et al(邓蕾, 王鸿喆, 上官周平, 等). Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报), 2010, 30(18): 4889. [本文引用:2]
[12]	LI Meng-meng, LIU Dan, LIU Yu-bing(李蒙蒙, 刘　丹, 刘玉冰). Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠), 2016, (3): 708. [本文引用:1]
[13]	ZHANG Ji-shu(张继澍). Plant Physilolgy(植物生理学). Beijing: Higher Education Press(北京: 高等教育出版社), 2006. [本文引用:2]

2010

0.0

QIN

Hai

, LI

Jun-xiang

, GAO

San-ping

, et al(秦海, 李俊祥, 高三平, 等). Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报), 2010, 30(5): 1246.

The driving forces analysis is frequently used in conventional multivariate analysis such as multiple linear regression, canonical correlation analysis, principal component analysis and logistic model. These methods, however, assume that the input data are spatially independent regardless of the facts showing otherwise in landscape analysis. To overcome the shortfalls of the conventional methods to address the spatial autocorrelations, we proposed a new model (AutoLogistic) by incorporating the spatial autocorrelations into the conventional logistic model. AutoLogistic model was then applied at the Nverzhai watershed of Zhangjiajie to identify the driving forces for the cover changes. We included spatial variables (slope, altitude, aspect), distance to the nearest road, stream and residential areas in our new model. Model predictions were validated based on the Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC) method. We found that: (1) the vegetation cover changes and the driving factors appeared positive autocorrelation in space that decreases with distance across the watershed; (2) the AutoLogistic model showed higher accuracy than that of the logistic model, with remarkable reduction in the number of independent variables; (3) the magnitudes of influences from the natural driving forces seemed significantly different from those of the anthropogenic driving forces. Slope was the single most important variable on changes in farmlands, orchards, evergreen broad-leaved stands, and the coniferous stands, while aspect showed its importance for changes of farmlands, orchards, evergreen broad-leaved stands, and the shrub stands. Elevation appeared an unimportant factor driving the cover changes. Interestingly, the changes in deciduous broad-leaves stands seemed to be more influences by anthropogenic activities.

选择坡度、海拔、坡向、到道路和河流及居民点的最近距离等作为植被变化的空间驱动因子，分别采用传统Logistic和AutoLogistic回归模型，对比研究湖南张家界女儿寨小流域植被变化的驱动力，并用ROC方法检验这两个模型的解释能力。结果表明：(1)在女儿寨小流域，各类植被变化和空间驱动因子均表现出一定的空间正自相关，且这种空间自相关性随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱。(2)考虑空间自相关性的AutoLogistic模型比传统Logistic模型的精度更高，这说明在分析小流域植被变化的空间驱动力时不能忽略空间自相关性的影响。考虑空间自相关后，显著的空间驱动因子的个数比未考虑空间自相关性的个数少。(3)自然环境和人类活动因子对小流域植被变化的影响力不同：坡度对耕地变化、果园变化、常绿阔叶林变化和针叶林变化等均影响较大；坡向对耕地变化、果园变化、常绿阔叶林变化和灌木林地变化的影响显著；海拔对该小流域各种植被变化类型的影响相对较小；人类活动的影响对落叶阔叶林的变化影响显著。

... 植物矿质营养元素含量特征及其分配格局, 在其生理反应、生长发育过程及生长环境中都发挥着特定作用^[1] ...

2014

0.0

... )是欧亚大陆特产, 欧亚草原植物亚区的典型植被, 落叶灌木, 抗旱、抗寒、耐贫瘠、繁殖性强, 对中国干旱、半干旱地区防风治沙、固氮及改善局部小环境具有良好的生态环境效益^[2], 其矿质元素含量特征也逐渐成为生态学研究的热点 ...

... Zong等^[2]发现柠条锦鸡儿受蛀虫损害后叶片P, K, Mg, Mn和Fe元素含量降低 ...

2014

0.0

... 另外, 一些学者对小叶锦鸡儿对周围土壤C, N和P等元素含量变化和营养吸收进行了研究^[3,4] ...

2013

0.0

... 另外, 一些学者对小叶锦鸡儿对周围土壤C, N和P等元素含量变化和营养吸收进行了研究^[3,4] ...

2012

0.0

... 还有研究表明盐胁迫下锦鸡儿属植物叶片离子Na和K含量有不同的变化^[5] ...

2017

0.0

... 前者虽然有灵敏度高、分析速度快、多元素同时测定等特点, 但对于含量极低元素的分析, 其检出限难以达到检测要求, ICP-MS则具有比ICP-OES更低的检出限和更高的灵敏度^[6]等优势, 在生物学领域中应用广泛^[7] ...

2015

0.0

2017

0.0

2015

0.0

... 另外, 适当的内标元素能较好地校正基体效应^[9], 通过内标回收率可实现动态监测, 消除伴随过程中发生的信号漂移现象, 进而保持仪器测定的稳定和准确性 ...

2015

0.0

... 重复测定11次, 考察方法的加标回收率和精密度^[10](表3) ...

2010

0.0

DENG

Lei

, WANG

Hong-zhe

, SHANGGUAN

Zhou-ping

, et al(邓蕾, 王鸿喆, 上官周平, 等). Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报), 2010, 30(18): 4889.

Most plants have fundamental capacities of capturing light energy and assimilating carbon, and their differences in resource acquisition, processing and investment have very great effects on the species composition and function of an ecosystem. It is widely accepted that leaf traits such as specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nutrient contents are sensitive indicators of environmental conditions. The variation in SLA and leaf nutrient content and the relation between the two can reflect plant responses and adaptations to climatic and environmental conditions.The study was done to investigate the SLA and mineral nutrient contents of Chinese Caragana (Caragana korshinlii Kom.) in the Loess Plateau region suffering both wind and water erosions in its main growing months in order to find out the patterns whereby the SLA and mineral nutrient contents of Chinese Caragana vary with different habitats and growing months. The results show that of Chinese Caragana, the SLA little differed among different habitats (P> 0.05). In different habitats, the SLA of Chinese Caragana varied identically and corresponded with its leaf growths. In this study, the SLA of Caraganas varied much so that Caraganas adapted itself to different habitats. On the north-facing slopes, the SLA were highest but the leaf N contents and light intensities were the lowest, and on the south-facing and half-south facing slopes the SLA were the lowest, but the leaf N content and light intensities were the highest. This was probably caused by different soil moisture of the different slopes. The leaf organic carbon contents ranged from 43.171% to 45512%, 42217% to 44.326%, 43.620% to 44.517% on the south-facing, half-south facing and north-facing slopes, respectively. The Leaf nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) totals differed among the different habitats, but differed significantly among the months. The Leaf phosphorus (P) contents differed significantly among the habitats and the growing months. In the different habitats, as the growing months alternated, the leaf N/P ratios varied significantly, but the C/P ratios varied little; and the C/N and C/K ratios did not significantly differed but all varies significantly as the growing months alternated. However, the mean N/P ratios in all habitats were higher than 16, indicating that in the area suffering both water and wind erosions the growth of Chinese Caragana was more susceptible to P constraint, which was mainly attributed to the lower soil P content that probably resulted from strong soil and water erosions occurring in the area. As the growing months alternated, the leaf N, P and K contents, the leaf C/N and C/P ratios varied significantly in the different habitats, and this was probably mainly due to the different nutrient requirements of the plant at the different growth stages, such as allocating more N to insoluble proteins to enhance cell wall resilience, and increasing leaf cell density to tolerate environmental stress. The higher the leaf organic carbon contents and N/P rations of Chinese Caragana were, the lower the leaf areas per unit mass, and as growing months alternated, the correlation between the leaf SLA and leaf C, N, P and K contents and the leaf C/N, C/P, C/K, N/P ratios varied little, but the roles of the correlation perform differently. Therefore, the leaf SLA of Caragana were the result jointly resulting from the actions of all the leaf nutrients in the different growing months.Consequently, the habitats and growing times were probably the important reasons for the variations in structural characteristics and nutrient composition, but the factors regulating leaf characteristics were more complex, Chinese Caragana had its own adaptation mechanisms to its habitats and growing months in respect to different nutrient elements.

通过对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区主要生长月份柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinlii Kom.）叶片比叶面积（SLA）和矿质元素含量的测定，探讨其对生境条件及生长时间的响应规律，结果表明：不同生境柠条锦鸡儿叶片SLA随生长月份的变化趋势基本一致，但变化差异不显著；不同生境叶片有机碳（C）含量变化差异不显著；叶片全氮（N）含量、全钾（K）含量对生长月份的变化响应明显，变异幅度较大，而随生境条件发生的变异较小；叶片全磷（P）含量在不同生境随着生长月份发生的变异较大\.不同生境叶片N/P随月份发生的变异较大、C/P的变异较小；叶片C/N、C/K在不同生境间无明显差异，但均随生长月份而产生较大变化，叶片N、P、K的含量与SLA相关性不明显。所以，生境条件和生长时间是柠条锦鸡儿叶片结构特性和养分组成发生变化的重要原因，其叶片比叶面积与矿质养分含量受外界环境因子和自身发育状况的共同调控。

... 6 样品分析植物叶片对环境敏感且可塑, 叶片营养元素组成可反映植物的生态策略, 也是生境响应的一种表征^[11] ...

... 47%)^[11] ...

2016

0.0

Meng-meng

, LIU

Dan

, LIU

Yu-bing

(李蒙蒙, 刘　丹, 刘玉冰). Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠), 2016, (3): 708.

Leaves of ten Caragana species were collected from desert region of northwest China. The leaf cross-section and epidermal micromorphology were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. Ten micromorphological and structural characteristics were selected to investigate the adaptive ability of drought environment, including blade thickness, stomata density, trichome coverage, cuticular layer thickness and other six leaf xeromorphic structure indices. The results showed that leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure had significant adaptation to their habitats. Ten Caragana species were classified into three groups by hierarchical cluster analysis. The first group has higher stomata, blade and epidermal cell thickness, smaller trichome coverage and ratio of palisade to blade. The second has higher trichome coverage, smaller palisade and ratio of palisade to blade. The third has higher palisade and ratio of palisade to blade, smaller stomata, cuticle, blade and epidermal cell thickness. According to the subordinate function values, drought-resistance ability of ten Caragana species was as the follows: C. ordosica > C. roborvskyi > C. brachypoda > C. stenophylla > C. korshinskii > C. microphylla > C. intermedia > C. rosea > C. jubata > C. acanthophylla .

1. Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province/Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

以中国西北荒漠地区的10种锦鸡儿属( Caragana )植物的叶片为对象,通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观察,选择叶片厚度、气孔密度、绒毛盖度、角质层厚度等10项叶片结构指标对叶肉细胞解剖结构和表皮微形态结构进行了研究,探究10种锦鸡儿对干旱环境的适应特征,并用层次聚类分析法进行分类和模糊数学隶属函数值法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明:10种锦鸡儿在长期适应各自生境的过程中,叶片表面微形态结构和叶肉细胞结构均表现出明显的适应特征。10种锦鸡儿属植物的叶片形态结构适应特征聚为3类,第1类主要特征是气孔、叶片厚度和表皮细胞厚度大,绒毛盖度和叶片组织结构紧密度小;第2类是绒毛盖度较大,栅栏组织厚度和叶片组织结构紧密度小;第3类是栅栏组织厚度和叶片组织结构紧密度大,气孔、角质层厚度、叶片厚度和表皮细胞厚度小。根据隶属函数值,10种锦鸡儿属植物的抗旱性由大到小排列的顺序为卷叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>短脚锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>小叶锦鸡儿>中间锦鸡儿>红花锦鸡儿>鬼箭锦鸡儿>刺叶锦鸡儿。

... 小叶锦鸡儿^[12] ...

0.0

... 渗透调节是植物抗旱性的一种重要生理保护机制, 参与渗透调节的两大类物质, 如细胞内合成的有机物如脯氨酸及其他有机溶质, 及K⁺和其他无机离子, 这些外界环境物质进入植物细胞内, 调节液泡的渗透势, 维持膨压等生理过程^[13] ...

... )等, 这些酶是其适应干旱环境的物质基础^[13] ...