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2008 Vol. 28, No. 03 Published: 2008-03-29

光谱学与光谱分析

	481	The Triplet Properties of β-Carotene in Acetonitrile Solution: A Laser Flash Photolysis Study
		ZHANG Zhao-xia^1,2,ZHAO Hong-wei¹,ZHU Hong-ping^1,2,HAO Shu-mei^1,2,WANG Wen-feng^1*,LI Wen-xin¹, Suppiah Navaratnam³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.015
		The representative of carotenoids,β-carotene,can scavenge reactive oxygen radicals like singlet molecular oxygen,nitrogen dioxide radical and peroxyl radical due to the effective antioxidative properties. In medicine,β-carotene is used to alleviate the disease erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP),by intercepting the triplet state of protoporphyrin (a porphyrin lacking a central metalion,a precursor to haem) therefore preventing the formation of singlet oxygen. Epidemiological evidence has suggested that dietary β-carotene may inhibit certain types of cancer. Much of work has been carried out in benzene,toluene,or chloroform as most caroienoids are sufficiently soluble in these nonpolarity solvents. In the present paper,the generation and properties of triplet β-carotene in acetonitrile solution were investigated with 355 nm laser flash photolysis. 2-acetonaphthone was used as an excitation energy donor to sensitize the production of the triplet state of β-carotene. Excitation of the solution containing 2-acetonaphthone and β-carotene upon 355 nm laser flash produced the triplet of 2-acetonaphthone (420 nm) firstly. Subsequently,the excitation energy of triplet 2-acetonaphthone was transferred to β-carotene generating triplet β-carotene. Characteristic absorption spectra of triplet β-carotene (510 nm) were recorded. By means of transfer of excitation energy,the molar absorption coefficients of triplet β-carotene were determined to be 23 000 dm³ mol^-1·cm^-1 at 510 nm. The triplet lifetime for β-carotene in acetonitrile solution was observed to be 15.6 μs. The rate constant for the reaction of triplet energy transfer from triplet 2-acetonaphthone to β-carotene was calculated to be 1.5×10¹⁰ dm³·mol^-1·s^-1. Obviously,the triplet β-carotene has very low excitation energy. Taking the advantage of the photochemical properties of triplet β-carotene,β-Carotene has been widely used as energy acceptor to determine the excited state characteristic of other substance. This work extends the understanding of photochemical properties of β-carotene.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 481-484 [Abstract] ( 724 ) PDF (1169 KB) ( 633 )

	485	Molecular Aggregation and Spectrum Properties of Stilbene 3 Doped Lead-Tin-Fluorophosphate Glass
		HE Xiao-ling¹,GU Mu^1*,ZHAO Zhi-wei¹,HUANG Shi-ming¹,LIU Xiao-lin¹,LIU Bo¹,NI Chen¹,OUYANG Xiao-ping²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.018
		Lead-tin-fluorophosphate(PTFP) glasses with different concentrations of organic dye stilbene 3 were prepared by low temperature melting. The molecular aggregation and spectrum properties of stilbene 3 doped lead-tin-fluorophosphate glass were studied by means of emission spectra,excitation spectra and absorption spectra measurements. The results show that stilbene 3 dimers coexist with its monomers in inorganic glass. Compared with the excitation peak of stilbene 3 monomer,the excitation peak of stilbene 3 dimer is in the range of shorter wave band. As the concentration of stilbene 3 in the doped PTFP glass increased,the emission peak was red shifted and the concentration quenching of stilbene 3 was observed in the emission spectra. Compared stilbene 3 in PTFP glass with that in ethanol,a remarkable red shift of the absorption and emission spectra in the glass was found. The phenomenon is explained by the bond effect between stilbene 3 and matrix glass by hydrophilic interaction. And a much higher fluorescence intensity of stilbene 3 in the inorganic glass than that in ethonal is attributed to the “cage” effect.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 485-489 [Abstract] ( 710 ) PDF (1524 KB) ( 609 )

	490	Detonation Temperature Measurement of Epoxypropane Using Instantaneous Spectrum Method
		LI Ying¹,LI Ping^1,2*,XIAO Hai-bo¹,HU Dong^2,3,YUAN Chang-ying^2,4
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.019
		After solving the problems of synchronization of the measuring system and the avoidance of false trigger signal,the instantaneous emission spectrum of epoxypropane with an exposure time of 2 μs and a resolution of 0.2 nm was acquired from a side window of a shock tube at the very moment when the epoxypropane transformed from deflagration to detonation. The measuring system consists of an advanced intensified charge-coupled-device spectroscopic detector,a digital delay generator DG535,an explosion shock tube and optical fibers. The DDT process was monitored by pressure transducers. After correcting the intensity of the spectrum obtained,the background curve of the heat radiation intensity of the detonation was given immediately. The detonation temperature of 2 416 K for epoxypropane was derived from fitting the curve with Planck blackbody formula by least squares principle. The detonation temperature of epoxypropane can provide an experimental datum for analyzing the microscopic mechanism of DDT process.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 490-493 [Abstract] ( 2258 ) PDF (1420 KB) ( 825 )

	494	Spectral Radiometric Calibration Research of Quick Bird Digital Image
		ZHANG Guo-kun^1,2,CHEN Chun¹,XING Fu³,ZHANG Hong-yan^1*,ZHAO Yun-sheng¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.020
		The present article uses the basic operation of the digital remote image radiometric calibration of the Quickbird with high distinguishing rate,including the physical attribute and the mathematical basement of digital images,the annotation as well as the format of image data. The study makes use of information of spectral radiance from the ground-atmosphere system,which is recorded by the digital remote image of Quick Bird in Honghe area. This dissertation offered the calculation means of radiometric calibration,and changed the pixel digital number into band-integrated radiance. Then,the spectral radiance was calculated. After the radiometric calibration,the Quick Bird image showed the quantitative information of spectral feature from various ground items. Only through the calibration can the Quick Bird image be quantitatively compared and analyzed with other remote sensor images. Thus,the inversion image has the value of application. The significance consists in offering important basic condition for the image amalgamation and better disposal of the special inforation pick-up. This effort also offered spectral information of the ground items for the inversion of the remote image. Therefore,the authors can combine the research of the spectral character of ground items with the establishment of the remote application model in order to quantitatively analyze the ground items.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 494-498 [Abstract] ( 2672 ) PDF (1266 KB) ( 697 )

	499	Preparation and Spectral Characterization of CdS_yTe1-y Thin Films
		LI Wei,FENG Liang-huan^*,WU Li-li,ZHANG Jing-quan,LI Bing,LEI Zhi,CAI Ya-ping,ZHENG Jia-gui,CAI Wei,ZHANG Dong-min
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.009
		CdS_yTe1-y (0≤y≤1) polycrystalline thin films were prepared on glass substrates by co-evaporation of powders of CdTe and CdS. For the characterization of the structure and composition of the CdS_yTe1-y thin films the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used. The results indicate that the values of sulfur content y detected and controlled by the quartz wafer detector show good agreement with the EDS results. The films were found to be cubic for x<0.3,and hexagonal for x≥0.3. The 20-50 nm of grain sizes for CdS_yTe1-y thin films were calculated using a method of XRD analysis. Finally,the optical properties of CdS_yTe1-y thin films were characterized by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy alone. According to a method from Swanepoel,together with the first-order Sellmeier model,the thickness,of d-535 nm,energy gap of E_g-1.41 eV,absorption coefficient,α(λ) and refractive index,n(λ) of CdS_0.22Te_0.78 thin films were determined from the transmittance at normal incidence of light in the wavelength range 300-2 500 nm. The results also indicate that the CdS_yTe1-y thin films with any composition (0≤y≤1) can be prepared by co-evaporation,and the method to characterize the optical properties of CdS_yTe1-y thin films can be implemented for other semiconductor thin films.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 499-502 [Abstract] ( 609 ) PDF (1461 KB) ( 557 )

	503	The Influence of Pyridyl-Carboxylic Acid Intermolecular H-Bond on Photoisomerization and Photochemical Stabilities
		WU Ying¹,ZHOU Hong-wei²,BU Feng-quan³,TIAN Yan-qing²,JIANG Shi-mei^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.021
		A new type of liquid crystalline was formed through self-assembly via intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid and the pyridyl group of the stilbazoles. Cholesteryl butane diacid single ester (CSA) was synthesized for use as H-bond donor and the stilbazole derivatives (NCn) were prepared as H-bond acceptors. The spectroscopic behavior and the photochemical stabilities of these two compounds,NCn and its intermolecular H-bonding complex CSA·NCn were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show that these two compounds easily undergo photoisomerization from trans to cis isomers in alcohol. In chloroform solution,the CSA·NCn only undergoes trans-cis photoisomerization,while NCn exhibits not only trans-cis isomerization but also a special photoreaction. The reason is that in CSA·NCn compounds,the pyridyl N-end group is forms intermolecular H-bonding with CSA,and can’t catch the H⁺ and the radical. It is proved that this intermolecular H-bond was very stable when being exposed to UV light.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 503-506 [Abstract] ( 1420 ) PDF (1705 KB) ( 684 )

	507	Measurement and Retrieval of Indicators for Fast VOCs Atmospheric Photochemistry with Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
		PENG Fu-min,XIE Pin-hua^*,SHAO Shi-yong,LI Yu-jin,LIN Yi-hui,LI Su-wen,QIN Min,LIU Wen-qing
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.022
		Featuring excellent response characteristics and detection sensitivity and with much lower operational cost，differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) can be a powerful tool to trace concentration variation of trace indicators -O₃,O_x (O₃+NO₂) and HCHO for fast VOCs atmospheric photochemistry. But it’s difficult to measure those gases accurately because of trace concentration. Here using a self-made DOAS system,the accurate measurement of those indicators was achieved through improving the ratio of signal to noise ratio and correcting the background scattering light; the retrieving method of those indicators was developed through eliminating the temperature effect of absorption cross section,accurately removing the intrinsic structure and lamp structure of spectrum. The preference of different spectral windows that could be used for the concentration retrieval of those indicators was analyzed and compared including interfering factors,results retrieved and the accuracy.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 507-511 [Abstract] ( 249 ) PDF (1826 KB) ( 972 )

	512	Luminescence Characteristics of PVK Doped with Ir(ppy)₃
		YANG Shao-peng¹,ZHANG Xue-feng¹,ZHAO Su-ling²,XU Zheng²,ZHANG Fu-jun²,YANG Ya-ru¹,LI Qing¹, PANG Xue-xia^１
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.023
		With the increasing development of organic light emitting devices (OLED),interest in the mechanisms of charge carrier photogeneration,separation,transport and recombination continues to grow. Electromodulation of photoluminescence has been used as an efficient probe to investigate the evolution of primary excitation in all electric field. This method can provide useful information on carrier photogeneration,the formation and dissociation of excitons,energy transfer，and exciton recombination in the presence of electric field. The operation of OLED brings electrons and holes from opposite electrodes and generates singlet and triplet excitons. However,triplet excitons are wasted because a radiative transition from triplets is spin-forbidden. Spin statistics predicts that singlet-to-triplet ratio is 1∶3 in organic semiconductors. One way to harvest light from triplet excitons is to use phosphorescent materials. These materials incorporate a heavy metal atom to mix singlet and triplet states by the strong spin-orbit coupling．As a result,a spin forbidden transition may occur allowing an enhanced triplet emission. Among phosphorescent materials,Ir(ppy)₃ has attracted much attention because of its short triplet lifetime to minimize the triplet-triplet annihilation. High quantum efficiencies have been obtained by doping organic molecules and in polymers with Ir(ppy)₃. In the present paper,the photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra of Ir(ppy)₃ doped PVK film are measured at room temperature. The device structure is ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/PVK∶Ir(ppy)₃/BCP/Alq₃/Al. The results show that the luminescence capabilities of devices are different when the concentration of Ir(ppy)₃ is different. When the concentration of Ir(ppy)₃ is suitable,the luminescence of PVK is lower but that of Ir(ppy)₃ is stronger relatively,indicating that the energy transfer from the host materials to the guest materials is sufficient. It is concluded that the device with 5% of Ir(ppy)₃ has the best luminescence properties according to its light power-current-voltage curve,meaning that the best concentration of Ir(ppy)₃ in such kind of device is 5%.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 512-516 [Abstract] ( 597 ) PDF (1882 KB) ( 585 )

	517	The Photoluminescence and Absorption Properties of Co/AAO Nano-Array Composites
		LI Shou-yi¹,WANG Cheng-wei^1,2*,LI Yan¹,WANG Jian¹,MA Bao-hong¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.024
		Ordered Co/AAO nano-array structures were fabricated by alternating current (AC) electrodeposition method within the cylindrical pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template prepared in oxalic acid electrolyte. The photoluminescence (PL) emission and photoabsorption of AAO templates and Co/AAO nano-array structures were investigated respectively. The results show that a marked photoluminescence band of AAO membranes occurs in the wavelength range of 350-550 nm and their PL peak position is at 395 nm. And with the increase in the deposition amount of Co nanoparticles,the PL intensity of Co/AAO nano-array structures decreases gradually,and their peak positions of the PL are invariable (395 nm). Meanwhile the absorption edges of Co/AAO show a larger redshift,and the largest shift from the near ultraviolet to the infrared exceeds 380 nm. The above phenomena caused by Co nano-particles in Co/AAO composite were analyzed.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 517-521 [Abstract] ( 1239 ) PDF (1747 KB) ( 538 )

	522	Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Novel Red Phosphor SrO·Y₂O₃∶Eu
		ZHAI Yong-qing,YANG Guo-zhong,LIU Yu,LIU Hong-mei
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.007
		A novel red-emitting phosphor SrO·Y₂O₃∶Eu was synthesized by glycine combustion process. The phases and structure,the size and morphology,and the luminescent properties of the samples were investigated respectively by XRD,SEM and fluorescence spectrophotometer(FL). The results show that the samples include two phases,SrY₂O₄ and Y₂O₃,which belong to orthorhombic system and cubic system respectively. The particles of SrO·Y₂O₃∶Eu obtained at 1 200 ℃ are nearly spherical in shape,and the mean grain size is in the range of 100-200 nm. The excitation spectrum of SrO·Y₂O₃∶Eu phosphor shows a broad band with a main peak around 280 nm,which is due to the charge-transfer (CT) in the excitation of an electrons from the oxygen 2p state to an Eu³⁺ 4f state. Excited with a radiation of 280 nm,the phosphor emits strong red fluorescence,and the main emission peak is around 592 nm,which can be assigned to the transition of ⁵D₀→⁷F₁ of Eu³⁺ ion. Another strong emission peak is at 614 nm,which can be assigned to the transition of ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ of Eu³⁺ ion. Moreover,it was found that the ratio of glycine to nitrate ion,calcinations temperature and the concentration of Eu³⁺ have significant effect on the luminescent intensity of SrO·Y2O₃∶Eu.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 522-526 [Abstract] ( 382 ) PDF (1880 KB) ( 688 )

	527	Influence of La³⁺ on Eu³⁺ Luminescence of Three Component Complex System of Europium-2-Thiophene Carboxylic Acid-Phen
		BAO Jin-rong¹,ZHU Xiao-wei²,WANG Xin-bo¹,ZHAO Yong-liang¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.025
		Seven solid complexes of proportional mixed complexes(Eu³⁺ mixed with La3+) of rare earth perchlorate with the 2-thiophene carboxylic acid and 1.10-phenanthroline were synthesized. By elemental analysis,coordination titration and molar conductance measurement,the composition of the complexes were suggested to be (Eu_1-xLa_x)·L₃·phen·1/2H₂O (x=0.000-0.200,L as 2-thiophene carboxylic acid and phen for 1.10-phenanthroline) respectively. The ligands and coordination compounds were studied by means of IR spectra and fluorescence excitation and emission spectra. The molar conductivities in DMF solvent suggested that the complexes are nonelectrolyte. IR spectra studies indicate that the 2-thiophene carboxylic acid ligands bonded with RE(Ⅲ) through oxygen atoms in carboxyl group and 1.10-phenanthroline ligand is bonded to RE(Ⅲ) through nitrogen atoms. In the fluorescence spectra it was found that the Eu³⁺ complex has no symmetrical center. La³⁺ has a great influence on the luminescence of Eu³⁺. The fluorescence emission intensity of Eu³⁺ was enhanced by La³⁺ and the fluorescence intensity with x=0.050 is much higher. With La³⁺ concentration increasing the luminescence of Eu3+ is less intense.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 527-529 [Abstract] ( 1915 ) PDF (934 KB) ( 666 )

	530	Effect of Humic Acids on Determining Polyhydroxy Phenol by Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence
		DING Bao-jun^1,2,YANG Feng-lin¹,ZHU Zhen-liang²,XIAO Guang²,CUI Li-jun²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.026
		Flow-injection chemiluminescence was applied to determine the trace polyhydroxy phenol in environment (soil and water). Based on the comparison of several different chemiluminescence systems and optimization,an alkaline luminol-NaIO₄ system for determinating polyhydroxy phenol was chosen. During the process of polyhydroxy phenol determination,the effect of dissolved humic acid (HA) on the determination of phenol by this chemiluminescence system was also considered,which generally coexists in soil and water widely. Thus the present work provided the reference for the determination of the real samples coming from soil or water. An obvious restraining effect of humic acid on the chemiluminescence signal obtained by the luminol-NaIO₄-polyhydroxy phenol system was found,which shows a linear relationship with the concentration of HA in a certain range,the linear equation is y=70.36x+540.1，the correlation coefficient is 0.9954,the linear range is between 3-15 mg·L^-1,the limitation of detection is 0.749 mg·L^-1,and the relative standard deviation(RSD)is 1.08% when the concentration of HA is 6 mg·L^-1. The possible working mechanism of humic acid here is discussed and deduced.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 530-533 [Abstract] ( 1281 ) PDF (1417 KB) ( 796 )

	534	Synthesis and Fluorescence of KZnF₃∶Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ Nanoparticles
		ZHU Guo-xian^1,2,3,LI Yong-da¹,YAN Jing-hui¹,SHI Chun-shan³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.027
		Phosphors of KZnF₃∶Ce³⁺,KZnF₃∶Tb³⁺ and KZnF₃∶Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ nanoparticles were synthesized in a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/2-octanol/water microemulsion system. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was used to identify the formation of KZnF₃ phase without detectable impurity. Environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) image showed that the average sizes of the KZnF₃∶Ce³⁺,Tb³⁺ nanocrystals were 30 nm in diameter. Photoluminescence characteristics of the rare earth ions doped nanoparticles were investigated and compared with that of the sample prepared by solid state reaction at a high temperature. The emission peak of the KZnF₃∶Ce³⁺ nanoparticles showed an obvious red shift as compared to that of polycrystalline powder. In a co-doped system of KZnF₃ nanoparticles,the emission band of Ce³⁺ even could hardly be observed and the luminescence intensity of Tb³⁺ was increased much compared with that Tb-doped singly. This showed that the emission of the Tb³⁺ was sensitized by Ce³⁺. The experimental results indicated that there was an effective energy transfer from Ce³⁺ to Tb³⁺ in KZnF₃ nanoparticles.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 534-537 [Abstract] ( 531 ) PDF (1645 KB) ( 622 )

	538	Studies on Coordination and Hydrogen Bond Intermolecular Interaction Using 1D & 2D FTIR Spectroscopy
		QI Jian¹,GAO Xiu-xiang¹,CHEN Hu-he¹,HUANG Kun¹,LIU Shao-xuan¹,ZHAO Ying^2,YANG Li-min¹, WENG Shi-fu¹,XU Yi-zhuang^1,XU Duan-fu²,WU Jin-guang¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.028
		Two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy is a powerful method to study the intermolecular interactions between different molecules/functional groups. In the present paper,variable concentrations were selected to construct 2D synchronous spectrum for studying the weak intermolecular interactions in solutions. Mathematical analysis performed on 2D synchronous spectra using variable concentration as an external perturbation shows that the “Orthogonal Sample Design Scheme” is necessary for eliminating the interfering cross peaks in 2D synchronous spectra. The authors prepared four mixed-solutes-solutions whose concentration series satisfy the “Orthogonal Sample Design Scheme” for each chemical system and the consequent 2D synchronous spectrum was calculated from the corresponding four 1D spectra. Thus,by 1D & 2D FTIR spectra together with solid grinding reaction,the intermolecular interactions in two chemical systems (Sodium 2-Aminobenzoate/NdCl3 in aqueous solution,and 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A)/Naphthenic Acid (NA) in heptane solution) were studied,where the intermolecular interactions only induce subtle spectral variations in conventional 1D spectra. First,the cross peaks between f—f transition bands of Nd³⁺ ion at 521,574,741,795 and 865 nm and π—π transition band of Sodium 2-Aminobenzoate at 308 nm in 2D synchronous spectrum confirm the coordination interaction between Sodium 2-Aminobenzoate and Nd³⁺. Solid grinding reaction between Sodium 2-Aminobenzoate and NdCl₃ and FTIR spectra of the product indicate that the vibration bands of amino,carboxyl groups from sodium 2-aminobenzoate show considerable changes. Based on the spectral result above,a conclusion is drawn that Nd³⁺ can coordinate with Sodium 2-Aminobenzoate by amino and carboxyl groups. Second,the cross peaks between POH stretching band of PC88A at 983 cm^-1 and COOH stretching band of NA at 1 710 cm^-1 in 2D spectra confirm the interaction between PC88A and NA. Subtraction spectrum demonstrates that when PC88A is mixed with NA in heptane solution,and PO stretching band of PC88A shifts from 1 199 to 1161 cm^-1,and POH stretching band shifts from 983 to 965 cm^-1. Based on the spectral result above,a conclusion was made that PC88A and NA can interact with each other by forming new assemblies with POH and COOH groups.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 538-542 [Abstract] ( 1496 ) PDF (1357 KB) ( 726 )

	543	Study of Ferric Species Distribution in Polyferric Silicate Sulfate (PFSS) Prepared from Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)
		ZHENG Huai-li^1,2,HUANG Xiao-hong³,HE Qiang²,LI Dan-dan³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.029
		In the present experiment,poly-ferric silicate sulfate flocculants were prepared by using tetraethylorthosilicate and poly-ferric sulfate as row materials. Because tetraethylorthosilicate has the characteristic of hydrolyzing very slowly，the hydrolyzing reaction was controlled easily. The products feature uniform distribution of ferric and silicate and good repeatability so that it is easy to study the ferric species. Ferric and silicon species distribution in PFSS was investigated by Fe-ferron complexation timed spectrophotometry method and infrared spectrum method. The experiment showed that the amount of Fe(a) in poly-ferric silicate sulfate flocculants was the most in the three species,while the amount of Fe(b) and Fe(c) was small. As the aging time increased,the amount of Fe(b) and Fe(a) would decrease while the amount of Fe(c) would increase for a certain time; But these three species in poly-ferric silicate sulfate flocculants would not change after 5 days of aging. The iron and silicon species in poly-ferric silicate sulfate flocculants were different between poly-ferric sulfate and poly-silicon. There was not simplicial compound but complex reaction between poly-ferric sulfate and poly-silicon. And a new type of inorganic polymer flocculants,i.e. poly-ferric silicate sulfate flocculants was prepared.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 543-546 [Abstract] ( 1497 ) PDF (1923 KB) ( 598 )

	547	*Investigation of Electrocatalytic Reduction of Oxalic Acid on Pb Electrode through in situ* FTIR Reflection Spectroscopy**
		HUANG Tao,CHEN Sheng-pei,ZHOU Zhi-you,SUN Shi-gang^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.003
		Electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy was used in the investigation of electrocatalytic reduction of oxalic acid on Pb electrode. The multi-step potential FTIRS and time-resolved FTIRS procedures were used in the present study. The results of MSFTIRS demonstrate that glyoxylic acid could be detected below -0.70 V. The quantity of glyoxylic acid cumulated on Pb electrode surface reaches a maximum at -0.85 V,then it decreases as electrode potential is further decreased. Meanwhile the C—O stretching vibration of —CH₂OH group at around 1 093 cm^-1 could be detected at -0.95 V. It was revealed that all the produced glyoxylic acid may be reduced further into glycolic acid at potentials below -1.50 V. Furthermore,none of other new substances could be detected at more negative potentials,which indicated that glycolic acid could not be further reduced. The results of time resolved Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy at -0.75 V indicate that the integrated intensity of the IR band at about 1 750 cm^-1 for the stretching vibration of CO (—CHO) linearly increases with the reaction time. The TRFTIR spectra at -1.60 V show that not only the IR absorption of CO(HOOC—CHO) stretching is observed,but also that of C—O (—CH₂OH) stretching at about 1 093 cm^-1 can be seen. The current study demonstrated that electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the study of electrosynthesis processes,and for the detection of each species involved in the reaction at molecular level. The results are of significance to understand the reaction mechanism of electrocatalytic reduction of oxalic acid.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 547-550 [Abstract] ( 972 ) PDF (1866 KB) ( 641 )

	551	Analysis of Hydrogen Bondings in Polyurethane Urea Cured in Graded Temperature Field by FTIR
		ZHAO Pei-zhong¹,WEN Qing-zhen¹,WANG Yuan-sheng²,ZHU Jin-hua¹,HUA Xing-yan¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.030
		Hydrogen bondings in polyurethane urea elastomer,which reflect the microphase separation,have an important effect on the properties of the elastomer. The polyurethane urea elastomers,whose degree of microphase separation changed gradually,were prepared in the graded temperature field. Hydrogen bondings in them were investigated by FTIR technology. The discussions about CO,NH,and —O— stretching vibration spectra were given. The percentage of hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups increases with the increase in the curing temperature in the thickness direction,which indicates the increase in the degree of microphase separation in it. The degree of hydrogen bonded ether oxygen atoms exhibits obvious difference in polyurethane urea with different crosslinking degree. It is this difference that leads to a contrast changing trend of the percentage of hydrogen bonded NH in different samples. Three-dimensional hydrogen bonding between urea carbonyl and NH is stronger than the hydrogen bonding between ether oxygen atoms and NH. The stretching vibration of hydrogen bonded ether group is at about 1 076 cm^-1.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 551-554 [Abstract] ( 1360 ) PDF (1462 KB) ( 687 )

	555	The Application of Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy in Seeds Quality Certification
		REN Wei-bo^1,2,HAN Jian-guo^1*,ZHANG Yun-wei¹,GUO Hui-qin³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.031
		Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy is a newly developed method capable of analyzing the content of specific compound in the detected sample quickly and efficiently. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has been wildly used in many fields such as agriculture science,food industry,medical industry,chemical engineering and protection of environment and so on. In the present paper firstly the principle,technique method and merits of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy were described. Then the application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to the seeds of many crops,i.e. wheat,rice,rape and apple,was reviewed and discussed in brief. Based on this introduction,the potential value of the application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to the grass seeds quality certification was discussed in the four areas,i.e. the grass seed variety discrimination,the standard percentage rate of grass seed germination testing,the scale of the content of grass seed moisture,and the evaluation of the grass seed vigor and the purity of grass seed. Finally,it was concluded that the application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to the grass seed quality certification is significant both in the academic and the technical areas because near infrared reflectance spectroscopy will not only improve the efficiency of grass seed certification,saving manual work and testing time,but also help expand the extent and application of routine quality certification of grass seeds.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 555-558 [Abstract] ( 1284 ) PDF (931 KB) ( 706 )

	559	Research on Process Character Information in Early Fire Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum Detection
		DU Jian-hua,ZHANG Ren-cheng
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.011
		CO was chosen as an early fire detection factor through analyzing all kinds of characters in the process of fires,and an experiment system was established based on Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Through this system,lots of early fire experiments were carried out,and the authors got the CO concentrations of all kinds of materials. Using the concentration of CO,an autoregressive integrated model was established by time series analysis,then the process characters Φ₁ and Φ₂ were extracted from them. Through analyzing the phase graph of the process characters,it was found that the real fires and the nuisance fires were distributed in different regions. Plenty of experiments indicate that this detection method can discriminate between real fire sources and nuisance sources quickly when fires occur.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 559-563 [Abstract] ( 1309 ) PDF (1886 KB) ( 653 )

	564	Lattice Vibration of Sr₃TaGa₃Si₂O₁₄ Single Crystal
		YANG Hong¹,LU Gui-wu^2*,YU Ying-hui²,LI Ying-feng²,WANG Zeng-mei³
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.032
		Based on the space group theory,the normal vibration modes of Sr₃TaGa₃Si₂O14 (STGS) single crystal were predicted,and the Raman scattering intensities of non-polar and polar modes were calculated. The Raman spectrum of STGS crystal was measured,and lattice vibration modes of STGS crystal were assigned. For symmetry species A₁,six typical Raman-active optical modes have been recorded at 126,245,557,604,896 and 991 cm^-1,respectively. It is easy to assign the mode of 126 cm^-1 as the relative translation between SiO₄,Sr and the TaO₆. The mode 245 cm^-1 corresponds to the twisting vibration of SiO₄ correlating with the Sr—TaO₆—Sr stretching vibration. The mode 557 cm^-1 was assigned as the O—Ta—O stretching vibration,while the mode 604 cm^-1 as the O—Ga—O stretching vibration. The band at 896 cm^-1 in the Raman spectrum was assigned to be the O—Si—O stretching vibration of the two SiO₄ tetrahedra in the primitive cell of STGS single crystal. Meanwhile,the band at 991 cm^-1 in the Raman spectrum was assigned to be the Si—O stretching vibration of the two SiO₄ tetrahedra in the primitive cell of STGS single crystal. The layer structure of STGS crystal was identified by both theory study and Raman spectroscopy experiment results. The small anisotropy and piezoelectric modulus of STGS crystal were ascribed to the weak distortion of decahedral unit.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 564-568 [Abstract] ( 587 ) PDF (1665 KB) ( 531 )

	569	Raman Spectroscopy Study on the Structure of Ginsenoside Rg3
		QU Xiao-bo^1,2,ZHAO Yu²,SONG Yan^2,3,ZHANG Wei³, ZHAO Bing³,LI Yu-xin^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.033
		Ginsenoside Rg3,discovered from Red Panax ginseng,is a new anticancer agent,which shows inhibitive activities of tumor metastasis in mice and in vitro tumor cell invasion. There are two isomers for ginsenoside Rg3: 20-(R)-Rg3 and 20-(S)-Rg3. The research on the Rg3 structure is limitted,with no report on the use of Raman spectroscopy in such molecules. In the present article,the authors employed the Raman spectroscopy to study the structure of ginsenoside Rg3. Compared with 20-(R)-Rg3,the hydrocarbon chain of 20-(S)-Rg3 is located in the inner of molecules. In addition,there are significant differences in band location and relative intensity between the spectra of 20-(R)-Rg3 and 20-(S)-Rg3,and this indicates that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a simple,fast and accurate analytical tool to identify ginsenoside Rg3 isomers.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 569-571 [Abstract] ( 1369 ) PDF (1459 KB) ( 715 )

	572	Discriminant Analysis of Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra to Detect Adulteration of Non-Ruminant Meat and Bone Meal
		LI Qiong-fei,YANG Zeng-ling,HAN Lu-jia^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.006
		In order to study the feasibility of using near infrared(NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to discriminate adulteration of non-ruminant meat and bone meal(MBM) with ruminant MBM,a total of 39 MBM samples made up of 15 from pig,15 from poultry,5 from cattle and 4 from sheep produced in different areas in China were chosen. The MBM samples were ground with 0.5 mm sieve. 252 specimens were prepared by non-ruminant MBM deliberately adulterated with different proportion of ruminant MBM. The specimens were scanned by FOSS NIRSystem^TM 6500. A calibration set of 180 specimens and an independent validation set of 72 specimens were randomly selected by the WINISI software. Discriminant analysis model was developed by partial least squares (PLS) on the calibration set and validated with independent validation set. The best discriminant model was obtained using standard normal variate and detrend(SNVD) and second derivative for spectrum pretreatment; this model had a coefficient of determination (R²_CV) of 0.83 and a standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 0.147 1. For the independent validation set,the correct classification rate is 90%. There were a false negative specimen (0.5%) and two uncertain specimens (1%,1.5%) in validation set. Results showed that it is feasible to use NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to discriminate adulteration of non-ruminant MBM with ruminant MBM,but for specimens adulterated with ruminant MBM at less than 2%,the accuracy of calibration model needs to be improved. NIR was a rapid and non-destructive approach to discriminating adulteration of non-ruminant MBM with ruminant MBM.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 572-577 [Abstract] ( 586 ) PDF (1228 KB) ( 592 )

	578	Discrimination of Varieties of Paddy Based on Vis/NIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics
		LI Xiao-li,TANG Yue-ming,HE Yong,YING Xia-fang^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.008
		A simple,fast and non-destructive method based on visible/near infrared reflectance (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics was put forward for discriminating varieties of paddy. Firstly,A field spectroradiometer was used for collecting spectra in the wavelength range from 325 to 1 025 nm. The Vis/NIR spectra were acquired from 150 samples of five varieties of paddy. Secondly,original spectral data were decomposed as low-frequency wavelet coefficients and high-frequency wavelet coefficients by wavelet transform (WT) at first level. High-frequency wavelet coefficients were deleted as they contained too many noise,so the reconstructed signals from low-frequency wavelet coefficients were used as replacer of original spectral data. Thirdly,principal component analysis (PCA) compressed the above data into several new variables that were the linear combination of original spectral variables. The analysis suggested that the first four PCs (principle components) could account for 99.89% of the original spectral information,it means that the four PCs could explain most variation of original variables. In order to set up the model for discriminating varieties of paddy,the four diagnostic PCs were applied as inputs of back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN),and the values of varieties of different paddy were applied as the outputs of BP-ANN. The threshold of error was set as 0.2,the optimal structure of BP-ANN was three layers with nodes as 4-9-3. The whole 150 samples were randomly divided into two parts,one of which that consisted of 100 samples was used to model,and the other one containing 50 samples was used to predict. This model has been used to predict the varieties of 50 unknown samples,and the discrimination rate 96% has been obtained. It proved that the model was very reliable and practicable. In short,it is feasible to discriminate varieties of paddy based on visible/near infrared reflectance (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 578-581 [Abstract] ( 1282 ) PDF (1201 KB) ( 646 )

	582	Studies on the Physiological Response of Phytolacca Americana to Manganese Toxicity by FTIR Spectroscopy
		REN Li-min^1,2,CHENG Ze-feng¹,LIU Peng^1*,LI Zhi-gang²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.013
		A technique based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was used to detect the physiological changes in chemical composition of Phytolacca americana under a wide range of Mn²⁺ treatments (0,0.125,0.25,0.5 and 1 g·kg^-１). Using the roots,stems and leaves of phytolacca americana,absorption bands corresponding to carbohydrates,ester and proteins varied differently. The absorption band heights at 3 000 and 2 916 cm^-1 of stem tissues rose firstly and then decreased,indicating the exudation and transporting situation of organic substances which served as organic osmotic contents to enhance manganese tolerance under low treatments; Meanwhile,the band heights at 2 922 cm^-1(roots) and 1 606 cm^-1 (leaves) which have different tendency in accordance with Mn treatments showed that the capability to chelate Mn decreased under higher manganese concentration. In addition,the changes of the bands at 1 732 and 1 026 cm^-1 (roots),1 028 cm^-1 (stems),1 052 and 967 cm^-1 (leaves) differed from each other,suggesting that under the conditions of severe Mn stress the ex-oxidation of membrane lipid increased; Otherwise,the band heights at 1 375 cm^-1 increased firstly and then decreased,representing that the cell wall improved Mn resistance by increasing cation-exchange capacity(CEC). The result also implied that it is practical to apply FTIR to the research comparing the chemical differences of phytoaccumulators under metal treatments.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 582-585 [Abstract] ( 1278 ) PDF (1543 KB) ( 716 )

	586	Discrimination of Varieties of Yellow Wines Using Vis/NIR Spectroscopy
		LIU Fei,WANG Li,HE Yong,JIANG Yi-hong^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.010
		In order to achieve the rapid discrimination of the varieties of yellow wines,the spectral curves of yellow wines were obtained by Vis/NIR spectroscopy,and the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to perform the clustering analysis. The principal components (PCs) extracted by PCA were employed as the inputs of the BP neural networks,and then a discrimination model was built. The first 6 PCs were regarded as the new eigenvectors to accelerate the training speed and to improve the precision of the model. Fifteen samples from each variety and a total of 45 samples were selected randomly as the prediction sets. The remaining 145 samples were used as the training sets to build the training model which is validated by the samples of the prediction sets. The result error was set to be ±0.1,and the results indicated that only one sample exceeded the threshold value,therefore the recognition rate of 97.78% and an excellent precision were achieved. So the discrimination method studied in the present paper played a good role in the classification and discrimination,and offered a new approach to the rapid discrimination of the varieties of yellow wines.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 586-589 [Abstract] ( 489 ) PDF (1078 KB) ( 761 )

	590	Investigation of Fucoidanase by FTIR Spectra
		MA Shuang^1,2,XIAO Hou-rong²,WU Qian-qian²,PAN Ren-rui²,CAI Jing-min^1,2*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.012
		Fucoidanase was isolated and purified from marine fungus LD8 by solid state fermentation,extraction with citric acid buffer,acetone precipitatation and column chromatography on Sephadex G-100. A single band on PAGE shows that pretty pure fucoidanase has been obtained. FT-IR spectra and its derivation，self-deconvolution and curve-fitting methods were used to analyze the secondary structure of the fucoidanase. Composite bands of the amide Ⅰ and amide Ⅲ were studied by using Fourier self-deconvolution (FSD) with an enhancement factor of K=2.2 and a half width of 20.2 cm^-1. The relative average fractions of α-helix，β-sheet，random coil，β-turn are 11.5%,58.6%,14.5% and 15.9%,respectively,according to amide Ⅰ region,while the content of α-helix is 12%，β-sheet 57.3%，random coil 14.5%，and β-turn 16.3% on amide Ⅲ region. In other words,both the conclusions were exactly consistent. All the above results show that β-sheet was the dominant component，which is about 58%，and that β-turn is about 15%,random coil 15%，and α-helix 12% at room temperature.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 590-593 [Abstract] ( 195 ) PDF (1422 KB) ( 632 )

	594	Identification of Pu’er Tea by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
		ZHOU Xiang-ping¹,LIU Gang¹,SHI You-ming¹,DONG Qin²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.004
		In the present paper,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine unzymic and zymic Pu’er tea of different grade produced in Simao,Yunan Province. Because of the different processing technology,different proportion of chemical constituents exists in the unzymic and zymic Pu’er tea. And although there is a great mass of similarity in infrared spectrum,the results still show differences in the characteristic peaks of infrared spectrum between unzymic and zymic Pu’er tee. And there is also obvious difference between unzymic Pu’er tea of different grade or zymic Pu’er tea of different grade. According to the studies of the spectral peaks and absorbance ratios,unzymic and zymic Pu’er tea can easily be identified. And different grade of unzymic and zymic Pu’er tea may be classified by the differences in the absorbance ratios of several peaks. FTIR is proved to be a rapid，simple，reliable and non-destructive qualification method,it is suitable for grade identification of Pu’er tea.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 594-596 [Abstract] ( 1194 ) PDF (1153 KB) ( 711 )

	597	Study on Fast Discrimination of Brands of Soy Sauce Using Near Infrared Spectra
		TONG Xiao-xing,BAO Yi-dan^*,HE Yong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.002
		A new method for the fast discrimination of brands of soy sauce by means of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed and these eight kinds of soy sauce had got its “identity card”. The experiment adopted typical eight brands of soy sauce which we bought in the market. Total 3 942 frequencies from 7 625 to 3 684 cm^-1 transmit wavelength were gotten to set up a analyses model. In order to handle these data efficiently,after pretreatment,firstly,principal component analysis (PCA) was used to compress thousands of spectral data into several variables and to describe the body of the spectra,the analysis suggested that the cumulate reliabilities of the first eight components was more than 99.99%. According to the first eight components,the authors could distinguish some brand of the soy sauce but could not deal with all of them. So the authors chose ANN-BP as further research method. The eight components were secondly applied as ANN-BP inputs. The experiment took total 242 examples of 8 kinds of soy sauce as original model examples and left 10 every kind as unknown samples to predict. Finally,the result indicated the distinguishing rate is 98.75% in 0.98 reliable area. This paper could offer a new method to the discrimination of varieties of soy sauce.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 597-601 [Abstract] ( 1344 ) PDF (1117 KB) ( 536 )

	602	Application of Visible/Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Discriminating Honey Brands Based on Independent Component Analysis and BP Neural Network
		SHAO Yong-ni,HE Yong,BAO Yi-dan^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.017
		Visible/near infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) appears to be a rapid and convenient non-destructive technique that can measure the quality and compositional attributes of many substances. In the present study,a nondestructive method for the classification of honey brands was developed using Vis/NIRS. The honey brands studied in the research were Feng boshi,Tian ranfeng and Guan shengyuan. The sample set comprised 30 of each brand. Independent component analysis (ICA) was put forwarded to select several optimal wavelengths based on loading weights. Two types of preprocessing (Savitzky-Golay combined with multiplicative scatter correction) were used before the spectral data were analyzed with multivariate calibration methods of artificial neural network (ANN). The absorbance values log (1/T) (T=transmission),corresponding to the wavelengths of 408,412,409,1 000,468,462,408,400,997 and 998 nm were chosen as the input data of ANN. The ANN model with three layers was built,and the transfer function of sigmoid was used in each layer. After several trials,the best neural network architecture was obtained with 10 nodes in hidden layers. In the model,the node of input layer,hidden layer,output layer was set to be 9,10,and 3 respectively,and the goal error was set to be 0.000 1,the speed of learning was set to be 0.2,the time of training was set to be 1 500. Seventy five samples (25 with each brand) from three brands were selected randomly as calibration set,and the left 15 samples (5 with each brand) were as perdition set. The discrimination rate of 100% was achieved,and the fitting residual was 8.245 365×10^-5. These indicated that the result of honey discrimination was very good based on ICA method,and offer a new approach to the fast discrimination of varieties of honey.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 602-605 [Abstract] ( 1273 ) PDF (1121 KB) ( 716 )

	606	Effect of Post-Annealing on the Structure and Fluorescence Properties of YMnO₃ Thin Films
		LI Na,LIN Fang-ting,MA Xue-ming,SHI Wang-zhou^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.005
		YMnO₃ thin films deposited on Si (100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature were annealed at different temperatures. The microstructure and fluorescent emission properties of these films were studied using XRD and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show that polycrystalline YMnO₃ thin films can be obtained through post-annealing,in which hexagonal phase and orthorhombic phase coexist. And with increasing the temperature,the ratio of orthorhombic phase to hexagonal phase varies considerably. The results also show that fluorescence peaks in the wavelength range of 430-620 nm maybe originate from the transition from ⁵T₂ to ⁵E of Mn³⁺. The intensity of fluorescence peaks is enhanced with increasing the temperature. However,the positions of fluorescence peaks remain invariable. These results indicate that the change in the film structure affects the transition probability greatly but almost has no effect on the position of energy level. Meanwhile,the relative intensity ratio of cyan fluorescence peak to green fluorescence peak is almost unchanged.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 606-608 [Abstract] ( 1306 ) PDF (1205 KB) ( 601 )

	609	The Spectrum Studies of Mechano-Optical Signal Transduction with Participation of LDH
		JIANG Ben-guo,ZHANG Le,FAN Sheng-di
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.016
		The optical response from a mechanical stimulus signal oscillating system of NADH,DPIP and O₂ with the participant of lactate dehyrogenase (LDH) was studied with UV/Vis Spectrometer in the present paper. The signal transduction efficiency of the system was largely improved by the catalysis of LDH,when DPIP.∶NADH was 1∶4.5 (mole ratio)without lactate,and the average period of system was shortened from 108 to 34 min,and to 29 min with lactate existing.It was presumed that the accelerating effect of LDH was mainly brought by the activation of NADH at its catalysis center,and in addition,brought by the supplement of NADH through the dehydrogenation of lactate. The results indicated that the catalysis of enzyme would be put up also when only one of the two substrates existed.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 609-611 [Abstract] ( 1112 ) PDF (1169 KB) ( 492 )

	612	Study on the Interaction Mechanism of Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin-XJ in Xinjiang Silkworm and Staphylococcus Aureus DNA by Spectra
		LIU Zhong-yuan,XU Tao,ZHENG Shu-tao,ZHANG Lan-ting,ZHANG Fu-chun^*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.014
		Nowadays many of antimicrobial peptides have been extensively studied in order to elucidate their antimicrobial mode of action. Much of the research focused on mechanisms of cytoplasmic membrane disruption has been proposed for antimicrobial peptides,but it is not known whether their antimicrobial mode of action is due to their effects on bacterial chromosome. To obtain more information about the possible mechanisms,Cecropin-XJ,a kind of antimicrobial peptide from Xinjiang silkworm,was used as subject and prepared by purification of Pichia yeast fermentation containing cecropin-XJ gene expression product. Subsequently,ultraviolet absorption spectra were employed to investigate whether this antibacterial function is due to Cecropin-XJ works on S. aureus DNA in vitro. The increase in absorbance of DNA samples at 260nm due to the addition of Cecropin-XJ was measured. It is called hyperchromicity of DNA,which can provide a direct measure of the degree of base-pair unstacking. The unstacking results in the loss of duplex helix,and then leads to the duplex helix becoming relaxing. At the same time,the interaction mode was studied by using ethidium bromide (EB) as an extrinsic fluorescence probe. With the addition of Cecropin-XJ,the intensity of intrinsic fluorescence absorbance of DNA at 307 nm increases greatly. It is suggested that the addition of Cecropin-XJ may unstack base-paire of DNA exposing the fluorescent amino acide,leading to the enhancing of DNA fluorescence intensity. Subsequently the competition between Cecropin-XJ and EB to combine with DNA was found. It is suggested that the style was groove binding and intercalation in the interaction of Cecropin-XJ and double helix DNA. Furthermore,in this study,the binding constant and binding number of Cecropin-XJ complex with DNA were determined. There were different binding constant and number of EB complex with DNA because of the the addition of Cecropin-XJ. It is showed that the interaction of Cecropin-XJ and DNA was based on intercalation or non-intercalation. Meanwhile,these results help explain the molecule mechanism of antimicrobial peptide from the interaction style and structure characteristic of Cecropin-XJ and S. aureus DNA. These findings could contribute to further investigation on the mechanism of action of Cecropin-XJ.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 612-616 [Abstract] ( 125 ) PDF (3942 KB) ( 547 )

	617	An Optical Mapping System Based on Spectral Shift of Voltage-Sensitive Dyes
		WANG Jing¹,ZHANG Zhen-xi^1*,XU Zheng-hong^1,2,JIN Yan-shu1,JI Xiao-lu¹,JIN Yin-bin^1,2
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.034
		Recently,non-invasive optical methods to monitor transmembrane electrical potential using voltage sensitive dyes have been applied widely in the studies of normal and pathological heart rhythms and defibrillation. In the present paper,the authors measured the excitation and the emission spectra of the voltage-sensitive dyes di-4-ANEPPS bound to phospholipid bilayer membranes. And according to the spectral shift of di-4-ANEPPS,the authors presented an optical mapping system combining a DALSA CCD camera and a LED light source. Using this optical mapping system,the authors could record the action potential duration of the heart cells with high spatial and temporal resolutions. It can be a powerful tool in the study of cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 617-620 [Abstract] ( 1372 ) PDF (1521 KB) ( 648 )

	621	Improvement of Light Source for Algae Fluorescence Imaging System
		WANG Min
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.035
		A real time algae fluorescence imaging system is introduced in the present paper. The light source is an important part of algae fluorescence imaging system. Algae image definition is directly influenced by the light source of red tide monitor system,and different red tide algae has different texture character,which decides the nicety of recognizing harmful algae and category. For solving the definition of algae imaging,the authors analyzed and compared images with different light sources using the fluorescence imaging system designed ourselves. The result shows that near infrared light source can effectively show algae texture,so that the image processing is more effective and easier.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 621-623 [Abstract] ( 1174 ) PDF (2179 KB) ( 648 )

	624	Soil Taxonomy on the Basis of Reflectance Spectral Characteristics
		LIU Huan-jun^1,2,ZHANG Bai¹,ZHANG Yuan-zhi³,SONG Kai-shan¹,WANG Zong-ming^1*,LI Fang^1,2,HU Mao-gui^1,2
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.037
		Soil spectral reflectance is the comprehensive representation of soil physical and chemical parameters,and its study is the physical basis for soil remote sensing and provides a new way and standard for soil properties themselves’ research. Soil room spectra significantly correlate with that derived from hyperspectral images. So the room spectra are very important for soil taxonomy and investigation. To seek for the feasibility of soil taxonomy on the basis of topsoil reflectance spectral characteristics,and provide the theory foundation for quick soil taxonomy based on remote sensing methods,the spectral reflectance in the visible and near infrared region (400-2 500 nm) of 248 soil samples (black soil,chernozem,meadow soil,blown soil,alluvial soil) collected from Nongan county,Jilin province was measured with a hyperspectral device in room,and the soil spectral characteristics were determined with continuum removal method,and soil spectral indices (spectral absorption area,depth and asymmetry) were computed,which were introduced into BP network models as external input variables. The models consist of three layers (input,output and hidden layer),the training function is “TRAINLM”,learning function “LEARNGDM”,and transferring function “TANSIG”. The results showed that: (1) There are some differences among different soils in their spectral characteristics,but with similar parental matrix and climate,the spectral differences of soils in Nongan county are not significant. So it’s difficult to analyze soil spectral characteristics based on soil reflectance. (2) The curves after continuum removal strengthened soil spectral absorption characteristics,and simplified soil spectral analysis. The soil spectral curves in Nongan county mainly have five spectral absorption vales at 494,658,1 415,1 913 and 2 206 nm,and the former two vales are caused by soil organic matter,Fe and mechanical composition,the latter three are due to soil moisture; the differences of the latter three vales among different soils are not apparent,and the significant differences are in the former two vales region. (3) Soil reflectance is sensitive to organic matter,soil moisture,Fe,mechanical composition,roughness,and so on. The sensitivity of soil spectral indices derived with continuum removing method is decreased. Then the models with these indices as input variables are more stable and general. As the input variables were external,the BP network model based on the former two vales’ shape characteristics was better than that based on reflectance values or all five vales,the classifying accuracy of the main three soils (chernozem,meadow soil,blown soil) was bigger than 60%,and the model could be used for soil taxonomy. However,this work still needs further study,and to improve classifying accuracy,auxiliary data,such as topography,vegetation,and land use should be introduced.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 624-628 [Abstract] ( 468 ) PDF (1238 KB) ( 695 )

	629	Synthesis and Spectrum of Some 5-Furanyl-1-Benzothiazoyl Pyrazoline Compounds with Fluorescence
		WANG Jin-min¹,LI Dong-feng^1*,WANG Fang¹,LIU Ao¹,LI Min²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.036
		Pyrazoline derivatives have been investigated in many aspects due to their blue light emission with high quantum yield,ready accessibility,and easily being used as carrier transporting as well as emitting materials. According to Schellhammer theory of the relation between chemical structure and fluorescent quality,we designed some new fluorescent compounds with the benzothiazoyl group in the 1-pyrazoline,the derivatives of phenyl in the 3-pyrazoline and the furan in the 5-pyrazoline,and they possess fluorescent nature. In addition,the results of our research have shown that the benzothiazoyl derivatives can also be used for electroluminescence devices. Several benzothiazoyl pyrazoline compounds were synthesized,and their structures were confirmed by IR,¹H NMR,fluorescence spectrum and elementary analysis. The fluorescence spectra showed that these compounds have good fluorescence. The fluorescence emission wavelengths are about 440-460 nm,and the fluorescence intensity is related to the substituent of the compounds.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 629-632 [Abstract] ( 1193 ) PDF (1552 KB) ( 609 )

	633	Examination of Animal RBC,Hb and Human Skin Surface Blood Stream in Oxygenation-Deoxidization Conditions Using Different Spectrum Techniques
		Mansur ARKIN¹,Awut PARWEN²,Amat AYNUR¹,Rahman MIHRIGUL¹,Amat AMINAM¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.038
		The authors examined and analyzed animal blood RBC (RBC.O₂,RBC.CO₂),Hb (HbO₂,HbCO₂) and the human body’s skin surface flowing blood in oxygenation-deoxidization conditions and revealed the characteristic of OD value in the imaginable and unimaginable visible spectrum domain and this gave a foundation for the technology to be applied in the vitiligo sickness epidermis melanin pellet examination. Methods: Using different spectrum and in vitro and in vivo methods,the authors did statistics for the information of OD value under different state and wavelength. Results: Examination of in vitro: Experimented rabbit’s blood Hb.O₂ and RBC.O₂ both have 367,414 nm (the Soret cingulum) and 541,576 (the Q cingulum) nm absorption peaks in the visible domain and both have 432 nm (Soret cingulum) and 553 nm (Q cingulum) absorption peaks,but blood had no change in the absorption peak position. No matter under what RBC and Hb condition,there was only completely independent absorption peak under the acidification and deoxidization condition. There is a significant difference (p<0.01) between OD values under conditions of blood RBC cell and Hb hemolysis. Examination of in vivo: By using back skin surface specimen of the in vivo hand,absorption peaks were found at 540 and 576 nm for RBC.O₂ condition and at 555 and 755 nm for RBC.CO₂;. Having selected the specimen of hand back skin (a: Nail，b: refers to skin，c: hand back skin),wavelengths were examined for the three dots. Among them,545 nm absorption peak has average OD values of absorbency,which are 0.83±0.001,0.73±0.001 and 0.62±0.001,and differences are notable (p<0.01). Conclusion: Each absorption peak position of in vitro examination for RBC and Hb is invariable,but OD value of absorbency is different. Examination results under RBC condition are close to the aboriginality of RBC in vivo blood cell organization. The in vivo examination does not show any attack and damage to the human body,its sensitivity is high,testing time is short,and it has the superiority of taking in-phase test for the wavelength and the position information and so on. It is hopeful for the direct examination of epidermis black element and colored pellet.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 633-637 [Abstract] ( 1335 ) PDF (1793 KB) ( 568 )

	638	Spectroscopy Characteristics of Various Aluminum Phosphates in Al₂O₃-P₂O₅-H₂O System and Its High Temperature Products
		HUANG Zeng-wei¹,YUAN Ai-qun^1,2*,SHI Zhan-wang¹,HUANG Qi-liang¹,DENG Guang-hui¹,TONG Zhang-fa²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.039
		Various aluminum phosphates were prepared with phosphoric acid and aluminum hydroxide under different conditions. IR,XRD,Raman and SEM were used to study the structure difference and their change in heating process and particle morphology of obtained products and aluminum tripolyphosphate. The results show that the spectral characteristic change of phosphate from H₂PO^-₄,PO^3-₄,H₂P₃O^3-₁₀ and PO^-₃ can be seen when P/Al molar ratio=3 or the condensation temperature is different. The PO symmetric stretching peaks shift to lower wavenumber and the bands widen along with the extent of polymerization. After aluminum tripolyphosphate is heated,the frequencies of stretching vibrational modes depend on the micro-structure units of phosphate and increase with the extent of polymerization. Both Raman and infrared spectra can characterize the pattern of the hydroxyl stretching vibrations. The laminated thickness of reaction product is increases and laminar boundary is vague until the clinker clew is formed.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 638-641 [Abstract] ( 1238 ) PDF (1909 KB) ( 756 )

	642	Purification and Composition Analysis of Polysaccharide RCPS from Rhodiola Crenulata
		SONG Xue-wei,REN Lei,HAN Yong-ping^*,CUI Zhi-bin,HUANG Jia-kun
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.040
		Hot water extracting and ethanol precipitating method was employed to isolate polysaccharides. RCP (Rhodiola crenulata polysaccharide) was fractionally precipitated with EtOH. RCP3(Rhodiola crenulata polysaccharide 3)was one of the three fractions. RCPS was obtained after RCP3 was purified by deproteination; decolourization and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100.The homogeneity and molecular masses of RCPS were proved by HLGPC. The amount of total carbohydrates of RCPS was measured with phenol-sulfuric acid method. IR spectrometry and UV-spectrophotometer were used to determine the characteristic absorption of RCPS. The monosaccharides contained in the RCPS were analyzed by GC. The amount of total carbohydrates in RCPS is 99.11 %. The molecular weight was 27 876. IR spectrometry analysis indicated that RCPS showed typical signals of acid polysaccharide,including signals at 3 424.83，2 934.10，1 742.11，1 438.96，1 261.40，1 103.54 and 832.86 cm^-1; UV-spectrophotometer analysis indicated that RCPS showed a signal of polysaccharide at 195 nm and no signals of protein,nucleic acid at 260 and 280 nm. The monosaccharide constituents of RCPS were Rha,Ara,Xyl，Man，Glu,Gal and GalA，and their molar proportions were 1∶2.96∶0.21∶0.26∶0.08∶0.58 and 0.15,respectively.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 642-644 [Abstract] ( 1371 ) PDF (1256 KB) ( 745 )

	645	The Analysis of the Content of Bile Acids in Ox-Bile Powder and Goat Gall Powder of Mongolian Medicine
		JU Ai-hua,XUN Ya-shu,SU Xiu-lan,BAI Wan-fu,ZHANG Hui-wen,ZHOU Xiu-juan
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.041
		The present study was to detect and compare the content of bile acids in ox bile powder and goat gall powder of Mongolia medicine by UV. Cholic acid with sulphuric acid were heated and dehydrated,and they produced conjugated double bond. The conjugated bond showed the same absorption peak in the ultraviolet range. The method of ultraviolet spectrophotometry can be used to detect and compare the content of bile acids in ox bile powder and goat gall powder. The result showed that the linear range was 0.003 3-0.016 7 mg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 7). The average recovery(n=5) of standard addition method of ox bile powder and goat gall powder was 98.48% (RSD=1.79%) and 96.46% (RSD=2.50%) respectively. The result of determination of five different samples showed that the content of bile acids in ox bile powder and goat gall powder was 40.85%-43.03% and 30.88%-32.64% respectively. The RSD of the analysis of ox bile powder and goat ball powder was 2.40% and 2.92% respectively,the RSD of stationary test of ox bile powder and goat ball powder in eight hours was 0.55% and 0.59% respectively,and the RSD of reproducibility of the analysis of ox bile powder and goat ball powder was 2.11% and 2.68% respectively. The method was simple，accurate,fast and easy to generalize and apply in many fields. It can be used to control the quality of ox bile powder and goat gall powder.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 645-647 [Abstract] ( 1327 ) PDF (1599 KB) ( 757 )

	648	Thermochemical Studies on the Reaction of Barbital Sodium with Bovine Serum Albumin
		LIN Juan¹,ZHAO Wei¹,DING Fei¹,JIANG Zhi-qiang²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.042
		The mechanism of interaction mechanism of barbital sodium with bovine serum albumin(BSA) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. According to the thermodynamics parameters,the main sort of binding force of the interaction is electrostatic force,and binding BBTS to BSA is a spontaneous supermolecular interaction in which entropy increases and Gibbs free energy decrease. The formation constants of them were analyzed according to Stern-Volmer equation and double-reciprocal equation,and are smaller at high temperature than at low temperature. It is confirmed that the combination reaction of BBTS with BSA is a static quenching process. The change in the micro-circumstance of amino of bovine serum albumin was analyzed by synchronous fluorescence spectrometry.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 648-651 [Abstract] ( 1283 ) PDF (1408 KB) ( 618 )

	652	Determination of Micro Amount of Tellurium(Ⅳ) in Crude Selenium Sample by Kinetic-Specatrophotometry
		ZHANG Yu-yang^1,2,DENG Gui-chun^1*,ZHANG Xin¹, XING Nan-nan¹,WANG Wei¹,ZHANG Qian¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.043
		A new indicator reaction based on the interaction of sodium sulfide reducing properties with methylene blue in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide pH 3.8 acetic acid buffer solution. was put forward to determine micro amount of tellurium. The effect of concentration of reaction substances,acidity,interfering ions etc. on the analytical results was studied. The apparent activation energy is 68.94 kJ·mol^-1 and the constant of reaction rate is 1.63×10^-2 s^-1. Beer’s law is obeyed for tellurium in the range of 20-220 ng·mL^-1. The regression equation is y=0.003 8x+0.219 1 and the correlation coefficient is r=0.999 5. The limit of detection for Te is 3.04 ng·mL^-1. The method was applied to the determination of Te in crude selenium sample,and the relative standard deviation is 3.1%(n=7). The recovery was between 98.4% and 100.4%.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 652-655 [Abstract] ( 1258 ) PDF (1294 KB) ( 686 )

	656	The Current Development of Laser-Induced Plasma Spectral Analysis Technique
		ZHANG Xiao-ping,CHEN Jin-zhong^*,GUO Qing-lin,HUAI Su-fang,WEI Yan-hong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.044
		In the present paper,the productions by applying laser-induced plasma spectral analysis technique in different research fields were summarized. Many examples of the application based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) methods were introduced,including the substance composition and correlative characteristics of the solid samples (e.g. metal alloy,soil,concrete,mineral,fossil,medicine etc.),liquid samples (e.g. solution,pure water,liquid jets etc.),and gaseous samples (e.g. air,pure gas,vapor and aerosol etc.). Some other investigations and applications were also included. The factors,which influence the detection capability,were discussed. Laser wavelength,pulse energy,power density,environmental atmosphere,external electric field,carbon layer on sample surface,sample material characteristic,and so on all have effects on the precision and the limit of detection. Finally,a simple introduction of the improvements in experimental equipment and methods was also covered. The development of laser-induced plasma spectral analysis technique creates favorable conditions,such as convenience and shortcut,for many science and application researches. It plays an important role in the grogress in science and technology.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 656-662 [Abstract] ( 1272 ) PDF (1058 KB) ( 661 )

	663	Determination of As,Sb,Bi,Cd and Sn in Soils and Sediments by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry after
		HE Hong-liao,HU Ming-yue,GONG Ai-hua,WEN Hong-li,QUE Song-jiao
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.046
		A method was developed for the determination of As,Sb,Bi,Cd and Sn in soils and sediments for geochemical exploration purposes. Sample powder was mixed with NH₄I and heated at -800 ℃,iodides of As,Sb,Bi,Cd and Sn were formed and sublimated from the sample matrix and then extracted by diluted HCl. The prepared solution was determined by ICP-AES. The sample treatment procedure,such as the ratio of NH₄I to sample,and sublimation and extraction conditions,was studied. The instrument determination parameters,including ICP power,Ar gas flow rate,spectral wavelengths,background subtraction,spectral interferences correction and internal standard,were selected and optimized. The established procedure is rapid and simple,the detection limits for the five elements are in the range of 0.01-0.35 μg·g^-1,and the analytical results for soil and sediment reference materials were in good agreement with the reference values.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 663-666 [Abstract] ( 1262 ) PDF (1010 KB) ( 831 )

	667	Determination of Trace Elements in the Edible Fungi by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
		TIAN Peng¹,ZHANG Hui²,DUAN Ji-dong¹,Lü Zi-jian¹,XIN Shi-gang¹,HAN Shuang¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.048
		In the present paper,samples were digested by high pressure digestion pots,reducing the loss of trace elements during the digestion process. The contents of trace elements in edible fungi such as Ca，Na，K，Mg，Mn，Ba，Fe，Co，Ge and Cu were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The relative standard deviation with high pressure digestion pots was 0.16%-2.86%,and that with wet method was 0.33%-3.49%,so it could be seen that the measurement precisions of the two methods were good,and the former was better. The measurement results with the two methods were checked by t-test,and the values in the range of 0.002 4-2.473 were lower than t_0.99,9(3.25). The measurement results showed that the two methods had no obvious differences,namely no system errors occurred. The recovery rates with high pressure digestion pots were in the range of 96.6%-103%. The method of high pressure digestion pots was suitable for the determination of trace elements in edible fungi with the adva
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 667-670 [Abstract] ( 1261 ) PDF (1070 KB) ( 728 )

	671	Determination of Trace Elements in Radix Paeoniae Alba by Microwave Digestion-ICP-AES
		XU Run-sheng¹,MAO Cheng-peng¹,YU Rui-peng²,CHENG Cun-gui^1*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.047
		Microwave digestion technique was used in the decomposition of radix Paeoniae alba samples of different growing area,different growing time and before and after processing,and the contents of K,Ca,Na,Mg,Zn and Fe were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results of the determination show that radix Paeoniae alba samples are rich in the trace elements. The RSDs of these elements were lower than 4%,and the recovery ratio ranged between 99% and 113%. The results revealed that the analytic method is sensitive and precise. The pattern recognition based on the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the measured trace elements of different radix Paeoniae alba samples. The PCA was useful in the classification of radix Paeoniae alba. This paper provides scientific basis for deeply studying the relation between the trace elements and the drug effect of radix Paeoniae alba.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 671-674 [Abstract] ( 1189 ) PDF (1114 KB) ( 653 )

	675	Determination of 10 Elements in the Feather of Brown-Eared Pheasant by ICP and AAS
		WU Yu-zhen¹,ZHANG Feng¹,WANG Meng-ben¹,ZHAO Gen-gui^2*
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.045
		Crossoptilon mantchuricum (brown-eared pheasant) is an endemic to northern China and one of the state first-protection animals,which is now confined to scattered localities in Guandi Mountains,Guancen Mountains,Luliang Ranges of western Shanxi,and the mountains of north-western Hebei,western Beijing and central Shaanxi. Its range is fragmented by habitat loss because of human activity and other intervention,and isolated populations are resulting in facing the extinction risk from further forest destroyed and other pressures. The trace elements are very important to the growth and development of brown-eared pheasant,and these elements in the feather are closely correlated to the contents in the organs of the bird. By research on the elements contents in the feather,the authors are able to get more information about the growth,development,reproduction,immunity and metabolism function for this bird. The aim of this study is to try providing scientific basis for further enhancing the protection and the artificial breeding. Ten elements including Mo,Zn,Ni,Fe,Mn,Cr,Cu,K,Pb and Cd were determined in the feather of brown-eared pheasant by ICP and AAS,respectively. For the analysis two samples were from Luya Mountain Natural Reserve and Pangquangou Natural Reserve,and one was from Taiyuan Zoo,Shanxi. The contents of the elements in the feather of wild and captive brown-eared pheasants were compared each other. The results showed that the contents of the eight elements the feather from the Zoo were lower than those from Luya Mountain Natural Reserve and Pangquangou Natural Reserve. Moreover,Fe is the highest among those ten elements,Cd was not found,and Mo and Cr were much lower than the others. It is suggested that varying habitats have obvious effects on the elements contents of wild bird body,and wild habitant is more beneficial to the bird growth and development. Applying the results to wild animal management would be favorable to the protection,reproduction and expanding population of rare and endangered birds.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 675-677 [Abstract] ( 1281 ) PDF (991 KB) ( 529 )

	678	Determination of Cadmium in Tobacco Using Thermospray-Chemical Vapor Generation-AAS System
		ZHANG Shi-juan,GAN Wu-er^*,SU Qing-de
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.049
		A new and sensitive method for the determination of cadmium was developed using thermospray chemical vapor generation AAS system. The sample and KBH₄ solutions were introduced into two separate thermospray tubes by peristaltic pumps and then thermosprayed into a reaction tube. The aerosol of the sample and KBH₄ were mixed and reacted in the reaction tube,and after gas-liquid separation in a cyclonic spray chamber,the water vapor was removed by a desolvating unit,while the analyte was transferred into the quartz T-cell and determined by AAS. This design improved the stability and sensitivity by thermospray chemical vapor sample introducing technique. The effect of several experimental parameters of the proposed system was optimized. Under the optimized experimental conditions,the detection limits of 18 ng·L^-1 with RSD of 2.1% was obtained for cadmium determination. This method has been successfully applied to the determination of cadmium in tobacco with the recoveries of 94%-103%.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 678-680 [Abstract] ( 1274 ) PDF (1203 KB) ( 714 )

	681	Atomic Absorption Fingerprint and Identification Studies of Da Huo Luo Pill Ⅰ. Exploration of Inorganic Elements Fingerprint for Establishment of Industrial Standard
		ZHANG Qi-feng¹,ZHU Long-yin²,DING Shu-liang³,WANG Chen¹,TU Long-fei¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.051
		The fingerprints for most of Chinese medicines based on their organic compositions have been well established. Nevertheless,there are very few known fingerprints which are based on inorganic elements. In order to identify the Da Huo Luo Dan and its efficiency from other Chinese medicines,the authors attempted to set up a fingerprint which could be determined by the measurement of inorganic elements in Da Huo Luo Dan and other Chinese medicines. In the present study,the authors first employed 28 batches of Da Huo Luo Dan produced by Zhang-Shu Pharmatheutical Company in Jiang Xi Province to screen 12 kinds of inorganic elements measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and established the atomic absorption fingerprints. Secondly,the authors tried to identify Da Huo Luo Dan and other Chinese medicines by using the similarly analysis of vectors and the statistical analysis of compositional data. The result showed that the methods the authors used here were predictable to tell the efficiency of Da Huo Luo Dan from others. The authors’ study also proves that establishment of standard for quality control by analysis of inorganic elements in Chinese medicines is feasible. The present study provides a new idea and a new technique that serve for the establishment of industrial standards for analysis of inorganic elements fingerprint to explore the effects of Chinese medicines.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 681-685 [Abstract] ( 1193 ) PDF (1137 KB) ( 562 )

	686	Determination of Trace Elements in Aloe Barbadensis Miller Irrigated with Seawater by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
		LIU Chun-hui¹,WANG Chang-hai^1*,LIU Zhao-pu²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.001
		The dry leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller irrigated with seawater were dissolved in nitric acid and then oxygenated by perchloric acid. Nine kinds of trace elements in the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, including calcium,potassium,magnesium,sodium,manganese,zinc,iron,copper and lead,with added lanthanum chloride as releaser to eliminate the interference of co-existent ions. The recoveries were 96.58%-104.31%,and the relative standard deviations of sample determination (10 times) were less than 2%. This method is simple,sensitive and rapid with satisfactory results and good reproducibility. The results indicated that there were rich Ca,Mg,K and Na,and moderate Mn,Zn and Fe elements in the Aloe barbadensis Miller irrigated with seawater. However,the concentrations of Cu and Pb were low. Therefore,Aloe barbadensis Miller irrigated with seawater has officinal and economic values. These results provide data for further research on Aloe barbadensis Miller irrigated with seawater.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 686-689 [Abstract] ( 1168 ) PDF (1021 KB) ( 697 )

	690	Direct Determination of Copper and Manganese in Pinellia Ternata by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Secondary Sensitive Wavelength
		WANG Yuan-zhong¹,LI Tao²,FANG Bo^1,3,FANG Xiang-jing^3*,SU Wei-geng³,ZHANG Quan-ying²
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.052
		A method for the direct determination of copper and manganese in Pinellia ternata by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with secondary sensitive wavelength was developed. This method can greatly decrease the analytical errors caused by small amount of samples or big dilution multiple,so its accuracy is better than that with normal atomic absorption spectrometry using sensitive line when determining Cu-rich and Mn-rich Pinellia ternata samples. The detection limits of Cu-rich and Mn-rich are 0-25 mg·L^-1 and 0-12 mg·L^-1,the relative standard deviations are 0.42% and 0.66%,and the recovery rates 96%-103% and 97%-102%,respectively. It was found that the method is simple,rapid,useful,accurate and free from the interference of coexistent ions. It has been widely applied to the determination of Pinellia ternata samples with satisfactory results.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 690-692 [Abstract] ( 1304 ) PDF (986 KB) ( 629 )

	693	Study on the Adsorption Capability of Barium-Strontium Titanate Powder Coated with Dithizone for Cadmium Ion in Water
		ZHANG Dong,SU Hui-dong,GAO Hong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.053
		Barium-strontium titanate (BST) powder was prepared by using oxalate coprecipitate method，and the surface of barium-strontium titanate (BST) powder was modified by coating with dithizone,gaining a new sort of sorbent. FTIR analysis was used for characterizing the surface modification. By means of determination with flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS),the adsorption capability of cadmium on the coating BST powder was investigated,and the condition of elution was observed; studies of coating and adsorption mechanism were also performed. The results showed that dithizone coated on the BST powder throngh hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups and oxygen atoms on surface of the BST and dithizone. The cadmium ion in water could be adsorbed quantitively on dithizone coated BST when the pH was 6.0. At room temperature,the adsorption equilibrium could be obtained in 20 min. 5% EDTA was sufficient for complete elution. A new method for the determination of trace cadmium based on dithizone coated BST separation/ preconcentration and FAAS determination was proposed. The detection limit of this method for cadmium ion was 0.2 μg·L^-1,and the RSD was 2.9%. The method has been applied to the determination of trace cadmium ion in water samples with satisfactory results.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 693-696 [Abstract] ( 450 ) PDF (1343 KB) ( 590 )

	697	Indirect Determination of Stability Constant of Zinc Cystine Chelate by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with ZnS
		LIU Wen-han,YANG Wei,CHEN Dan,WANG Li-li,MA Chun-an
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.055
		Cystine was indirectly determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with ZnS. Base on the determination mechanism,the composition of complex, the complex balance reaction of soluble zinc ion,which formed in the determination of cystine by FAAS,and the stability constant of complex balance were discussed in the present paper. Under the alkalescent conditions,cystine (Cys-Cys) can react with zinc sulfide suspension solution to form a soluble complex or chelate of zinc cystine. The maximum concentration was reached at pH 9.4 and the quantity of the chelate was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with zinc sulfide. The stability constants of the complex compound of zinc cystine were studied successfully,after the numeric measurements and theoretical investigations under the best-optimized acidity for determination. In conclusion,at the best optimized acidity pH 9.4,the stability constant of alkalescent zinc cystine is between 9.542×10³² and 10.353×10³²,the average value is β_W=9.916×10³²,and log β_W＝32.996. The standard deviation is 0.301×10³². It is shown that the atomic absorption spectrometry can be used not only for the determination of trace elements and the indirect determination of organic compound,but also for the study of physical configuration and the determination of physical constant of complex ion.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 697-699 [Abstract] ( 1253 ) PDF (1104 KB) ( 633 )

	700	Speciation Analysis of Trace Elements Cu,Fe and Zn in Serum by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
		HU Jun¹,CHANG Yao-ming^1*,GAO Shuang-bin²,HAI Chun-xu³,LI Jin-sheng¹,XIE Xiao-ping¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.057
		Since biological functions of the elements are generally different,depending on their chemical forms,chemical speciation analysis is really important in metallomics research. Thus,multielement analysis and chemical speciation of the elements in serum were carried out in the present work. A hyphenated technique was developed for high-throughput speciation analysis of the copper,iron and zinc in serum by molecular biology technology and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Here,Cu,Fe and Zn in serum were classifyied as the forms of combination and non-combination. The serum protein was precipitated by 60% concentration of ethanol under hypothermy. The forms of combination of Cu,Fe and Zn in serum which combined with proteins were in precipitations,and the forms of non-combination of Cu,Fe and Zn in serum,which were free ions,were in supernatant. The total amount of Cu,Fe and Zn in serum and the amount of the forms of non-combination of Cu,Fe and Zn were analyzed by AAS. The amount of the forms of combination of Cu,Fe and Zn was obtained by calculation. The detection limit of Cu in serum by the method is around and 9.84×10^-3 μg·mL^-1. For Fe and Zn,the detection limit is about 2.76×10^-2 μg·mL^-1 and 1.06×10^-3 μg·mL^-1,respectively. The percentage recovery of trace elements Cu,Fe and Zn by the proposed procedure is in the range 95.0%-101.0%，95.0％-102.0％ and 95.0％-103.0％,respectively. The relative standard deviation(RSD) of trace elements Cu,Fe and Zn in the serum is in the range 1.88％-2.26％，0.56％-1.59％ and 0.34％-1.36％,respectively. Speciation of trace elements Cu,Fe and Zn in the serum of SD rat were analyzed by the method.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 700-703 [Abstract] ( 1535 ) PDF (1124 KB) ( 636 )

	704	Resolution of Overlapped Spectra in Polarization X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry by Genetic Algorithm
		LUO Li-qiang,ZHAN Xiu-chun
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.054
		Overlapped spectra occur often in energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Without a suitable curve fitting process,no correct qualitative and quantitative results can be obtained. The most difficult problems in curve fitting include that elements and their lines are unknown,background is uncertain sometimes,and initial model parameters may be in correct. In order to solve these problems,several available algorithms may be used. Among them are genetic algorithms. In the present work,polarization energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was used in the determination of raw materials for permanent magnet. A genetic algorithm was successfully applied to the deconvolution of the overlapped spectra in magnetic materials. With its global searching capability,the genetic algorithm beatures higher resolution than the standard Marquardt-Levenberg method in resolving the overlapped X-ray spectra. Because of the powerful capability of genetic algorithms to deconvolute overlapped spectra,the algorithms are useful especially in energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and complex material analysis.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 704-706 [Abstract] ( 1151 ) PDF (1264 KB) ( 644 )

	707	Characterization of Inorganic Nano-Alundum Composite Film of Polyimide
		ZHOU Hao-ran,ZHAO De-ming,LIU Xin-gang,LIN Fei,FAN Yong
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.058
		The key to the study on the regularity about the mechanical,thermology and electricities property of the inorganic nano-mingled organic composition thin film is to understand the incorporated quantity,the particle size and distribution of nano-inorganic matter in the membrane quickly and accurately. In the present paper,the chemical structure,surface morphology and the actual content of nano-Al₂O₃ of the nano Al₂O₃-composite film of polyimide were characterized by X-ray atomic fluorescent spectroscopy(XRF),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic forced microscope (AFM). The results are that the organic phase of PI and the inorganic phase of Al₂O₃ formed a complex composite hybrid system of bond-to-bond pattern,the nano-Al₂O₃ particles in the film of PI are dispersed homogeneously,and the diameter of the particle is smaller than 50 nm；the weight content of Al₂O₃ is 7.9% by XRF. The approach we used is an effective way of analyzing the inorganic component of the organic composite film materials doped with the inorganic nano-phase materials with the merits of no pretreatment,no fed charge (for analysis of insulation materials),no-contagion,no destruction,high speed and high accuracy,etc.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 707-710 [Abstract] ( 1189 ) PDF (2207 KB) ( 750 )

	711	The Study on the Preparation and Spectroscopic Properties of Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin/Glipizide Inclusion Complex
		ZHANG Yi-min,LI Xiao,SUN Cong-shan,CHEN Chun-feng
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.050
		The interaction of glipizide and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was investigated in the present paper. The stability constant and molar ratio of glipizide and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was calculated from the phase soluility diagram. The solid state inclusion complex of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/glipizide prepared by neutralization method was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction(XRD). It was found that the phase solubility diagram of the HP-β-CD solution showed a typical AL-type,suggesting the formation of a soluble complex of 1∶1 molar ratio,and the stability constant was 359 L·mol^-1 at 25 ℃. The spectra of IR, thermograph of DSC and XRD pattern of the inclusion complex were remarkably different from the glipizide and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/glipizide physical mixture,and indicated that hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/glipizide inclusion complex displayed amorphous characteristic. The experiment of solubility of inclusion complex indicated that the solubility of inclusion complex increased 25-fold.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 711-714 [Abstract] ( 1252 ) PDF (1366 KB) ( 605 )

	715	Synthesis and Spectral Characteristic of Ga-Fe₃O₄ at Room Temperature
		WANG Jing^1,2,DENG Tong²,YANG Cai-qin¹,LIN Yu-long¹,WANG Wei¹,WU Hai-yan¹
		DOI: 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593.2008.03.056
		Gallium bearing ferrites with different gallium content were synthesized by oxidation of ferrous and gallium ions under alkaline condition and room temperature. The samples were subjected to IR,XRD,Mossbauer spectral analysis and magnetization characterization. The results indicated that the green-rust intermediate phase would be produced during the procedure of Ga-Fe₃O₄ formation,and the green-rust intermediate phase was converted to ferrites with spinel structure during the drying under hot-N₂ atmosphere. With the introduction of gallium into the spinel structure,the interplanar crystal spacing of the spinel structure decreased,as indicated from XRD spectra,and the lattice vibration of M_T—O—M_O moved to the high-frequency resulting from IR spectra. A small amount gallium introduction entered the tetrahedral sites preferentially rather than the octahedral sites,and increasing gallium introduction would enhance the occupation of octahedral sites. Furthermore,a small content of gallium in the initial solution could prevent the formation of non-magnetic Fe₂O₃.
		2008 Vol. 28 (03): 715-718 [Abstract] ( 1157 ) PDF (1588 KB) ( 543 )

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