|
|
|
|
|
|
| “Baihuimian” and Organic-Tempered Daub Floor——Scientific Research on Composite Building Materials of Neolithic Age in Xitou Site |
| WANG Xi-man1, 2, 3, LI Ting1, 2, 3, YAN Jing-chen1, 2, 3, YANG Fu-wei1, 2, 3, LIU Yan1, 2, 3*, XIAN Yi-heng1, 2, 3ZHANG Kun1, 2, 3, TANG Li-ya1, 2, 3, CHEN Xin-nan1, 2, 3 |
1. China-Central Asia “The Belt and Road” Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research (Northwest University), Xi'an 710127, China
2. Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation and Research, Ministry of Education (Northwest University), Xi'an 710127, China
3. School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract Xitou Site, located in Xunyi County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, contains rich human cultural relics from the Neolithic Age to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the excavation sites of Shangxitou Village and Nantou Village, many cave-dwelling sites of the Neolithic Age were found, and the floor of some of these sites was a Composite building material of “Baihuimian” (Lime layer) and organic-tempered daub, which were relatively well preserved. This paper used stereoscopic microscope, polarizing microscope, ultra-depth of field microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM) to observe the structure of “Baihuimian and organic-tempered daub” floor. In order to further solve the problems of sample production materials, production process analysis and technical principle, the means of X-ray Diffractometer(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), thermal analysis (TGA-DSC), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze and detect “Baihuimian”, organic-tempered daub and “Baihuimian and organic-tempered daub” floor. The results showed that the main ingredients of “Baihuimian” are silica dioxide and calcium carbonate obtained by carbonization of loess-doll after calcination; The “Baihuimian” has three layers, which should be smeared three times, and the thickness of each layer of “Baihuimian” is the same and not more than 1 mm; The substrate of “Baihuimian” is organic-tempered daub, in which the straw fiber can strengthen and inhibit cracking. When daubing the “Baihuimian”, the lime water infiltrated into the organic-tempered daub and calcium hydroxide itself was carbonated to produce calcium carbonate, contributing to organic-tempered daub structure's stability and strength. The two building materials are still closely combined, with only a 10~20 μm distance between them, which indicates that at least in the late Neolithic Age, Chinese ancestors had widely mastered the compound building material and its construction technology. This study is of great significance to understanding and utilising natural materials by ancient Chinese ancestors and to sort out the development of traditional architectural science and technology civilization.
|
|
Received: 2022-04-18
Accepted: 2022-08-03
|
|
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
LIU Yan
E-mail: liuyan@nwnu.edu.cn
|
|
[1] LIU Bin, TONG Yang-yang, YANG Lei, et al（刘 斌，同杨阳，杨 磊，等）. Wenbo（文博）, 2021, (5): 3.
[2] LIANG Si-yong（梁思永）. Liang Siyong Archaeological Papers（梁思永考古论文集）, 1959.
[3] LI Jin-dou, WEI Xing-tao, SHI Li-juan（李金斗，魏兴涛，时丽娟）. Huaxia Archaeology（华夏考古）, 2020, (2): 37.
[4] WANG Xiao-yi, WANG Xiao-juan, ZHANG Guang-hui, et al（王晓毅，王小娟，张光辉，等）. Archaeology and Cultural Relics（考古与文物）, 2022, (2): 35.
[5] QIU Shi-hua（仇士华）. Archaeology and Cultural Relics（考古与文物）, 1980, (3): 126.
[6] LI Nai-sheng, HE Nu, MAO Zhen-wei, et al（李乃胜，何 努，毛振伟，等）. Journal of Instrumental Analysis（分析测试学报）, 2005, (5): 10.
[7] HU Ji-gao（胡继高）. Chinese Cultural Relics（文物参考资料）, 1955, (7): 120.
[8] ZHAO Quan-gu（赵全嘏）. Archaeology（考古通讯）, 1956, (5): 55.
[9] SUN Tian-qiang, WEI Guo-feng, CHENG Bao-zeng, et al（孙天强，魏国锋，程保增，等）. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis（光谱学与光谱分析）, 2021, 41(6): 1949.
[10] YU Jun（余 军）. Social Sciences in Ningxia（宁夏社会科学）, 1998, (6): 70.
[11] LI Zui-xiong（李最雄）. Archaeology（考古）, 1985, (8): 741.
[12] ZHAO Lin-yi, LI Li, LI Zui-xiong, et al（赵林毅，李 黎，李最雄，等）. Journal of Inorganic Materials（无机材料学报）, 2011, 26(12): 1327.
[13] ZHANG Jing-jing, QI Yan-yong, DENG Lei（张晶晶，齐砚勇，邓 磊）. China Measurement & Test（中国测试）, 2014, 40(3): 53.
[14] Kasper H B, Kresten A, Theis I S, et al. Sedimentary Geology，2021, (415): 105846.
[15] ZHAO Yu-ying, WEI Feng-hua, WANG Ying-li（赵玉英，魏凤华，王颖莉）. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae（中国实验方剂学杂志）, 2014, 20(12): 110.
[16] White W B. In Infrared Spectra of Minerals, Ed. Farmer, Mineralogical Society, F. V. C. London, 1974, 227.
[17] Gueta R, Natan A, Addadi L, et al. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2006, (46): 291.
[18] Vikki C, Lior R, Steve W, et al. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2008, (35): 905.
[19] XUE Xiang-xu, ZHANG Yun-xiang, YUE Le-ping（薛祥煦，张云翔，岳乐平）. Journal of Stratigraphy（地层学杂志）, 2001, (2): 81.
[20] CHEN Hong-hai, LIU Rui-jun（陈洪海，刘瑞俊）. Journal of Northwest University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)[西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）], 2004, (6): 24.
[21] ZHANG Yong-lu, YAO Yuan（张永禄，姚 远）. Chang'an Dictionary of Han Dynasty(汉代长安词典). Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House（西安: 陕西人民出版社）, 1993, 477.
[22] ZHANG Shu-guang（张淑光）. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation（水土保持学报）, 1988, (3): 65.
[23] CHEN Jie, LI Yu-shuang, PANG Li-li, et al（陈 洁，李玉双，庞莉莉，等）. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany（热带亚热带植物学报）, 2015, 23(5): 501.
[24] Farmer V C. The Infrared Spectra of Minerals. Mineralogical Society, London, 1974.
[25] LIU Shi-quan, ZHANG Shi-rong, WU Jun, et al（刘世全，张世熔，伍 钧，等）. Soils（土壤）, 2002, (5): 279.
[26] ZHANG Tong-juan, WANG Yi-quan, LIU Jun, et al（张同娟，王益权，刘 军，等）. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat. Sci.)[西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版）], 2007, (6): 185.
[27] SONG Dian-xing, MA Li（宋佃星，马 莉）. Journal of Northwest University(Nat. Sci.)[西北大学学报（自然科学版）], 2016, 46(6): 918.
[28] ZHAO Jing-bo, HAO Yu-fen, YUE Ying-li（赵景波，郝玉芬，岳应利）. Quaternary Sciences（第四纪研究）, 2006, (6): 969.
[29] EN Yan-e, YAN Jing, ZHAO Xi-chen, et al（葸艳娥，严 静，赵西晨，等）. Wenbo（文博）, 2020, (6): 92.
[30] LI Guang-xin（李广信）. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering（岩土工程学报）, 2013, 35(1): 144.
[31] LI Guang-xin（李广信）. China Civil Engineering Journal（土木工程学报）, 2011, 44(S2): 1.
[32] PAN Bo, DING Yu, HUANG Xiao-le, et al（潘 波，丁 瑜，黄晓乐，等）. Journal of China Three Gorges University(Nat. Sci.)[三峡大学学报(自然科学版)], 2020, 42(1): 63.
|
| [1] |
GE Ruo-chen, YANG Lu*, DOU Hai-feng, LI Yu-heng, LIU Wei. Infrared Spectra and Microscopic Analysis of Textiles From the Early Western Zhou Dynasty Unearthed in Shangmiao Cemetery[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(02): 503-507. |
| [2] |
SUN Tian-qiang1, WEI Guo-feng1*, CHENG Bao-zeng2, REN Guang2. Study on the Production Technology of Baihuimian From Suyang Site[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2021, 41(06): 1949-1954. |
| [3] |
DONG Jun-qing1，SUN Guo-ping2, WANG Ning-yuan2, LOU Hang2, LI Qing-hui1*, GU Dong-hong1. Analysis the Neolithic Jade Jue Unearthed from Three Sites in Zhejiang[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2017, 37(09): 2905-2913. |
| [4] |
LI Nai-sheng1，HE Nu2，WANG Li-hua3, FAN Xiao-pan3 . The Way to Identify the Man-Made-Lime in Neolithic in China [J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2011, 31(03): 635-639. |
|
|
|
|
