|
|
|
|
|
|
| Review of Spectral Characterization and Identification of Unresolved Space Objects |
| LI Zhi1, WANG Xia1*, XU Can1*, LI Peng2, HUO Yu-rong1, FU Jing-yu1, WANG Pei1, FENG Fei3 |
1. Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China
2. Unit 63920 of PLA, Beijing 100094, China
3. Beijing Institute of Tracking and Communication Technology, Beijing 100094, China
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract With the end of the “2020 SO Identity Mystery”, the technique of space objects’ characterization and identification by spectra stands out again in Space Domain Awareness. The outstanding advantage of this technique is the ability to identify the material of space objects by the spectra reflected from their surface and then confirm the identity of space objects. We can still recognize the material by this method even when the image does not have a spatial resolution. In other words, The feasibility of characterizing space objects’ materials with a low-cost, small-aperture telescope has been demonstrated, which is unrealizable with traditional observation methods. Ph. D. Jorgensen’s thesis attracted much attention in this field in 2000, which started a research boom about the spectral characterization of space objects. However, the application of spectral characterization and identification techniques in space objects is still severely limited after development of over 20 years, which is inextricably linked to the approach of space objects’ characterization by spectra, as well as the complexity and unpredictability of the space environment. Researchers always characterize and identify the actual in-orbit objects based on measurements from the ground laboratory. However, there are some indescribable differences between them owing to the effects of the space environment. Spectral unmixing is a popular approach for determining the substance of space objects, whose principles and applications are thoroughly explained. This paper analyzes that the main factor of unsuccessful unmixing is the discrepancy between laboratory measurements and actual measurements, and the accuracy of unmixing largely depends on the perfection of the spectral library. So, the impact of the space environment and observation geometry on the spectral attributes of space objects must be considered before constructing the spectral library. Moreover, the use of Artificial Intelligence algorithms, on the other hand, can substantially improve the ability of space objects’ characterization and identification by spectra. This paper presents a detailed review and discussion of four aspects: space objects’ spectral attributes and classification, space object materials’ characterization and identification, the reddening of space objects’ spectra and the development of spectral databases for space objects. For relevant researchers’ convenience, we also analyze the difficult and key issues in this process and condense some constructive suggestions worthy of reference.
|
|
Received: 2022-03-02
Accepted: 2022-06-02
|
|
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
WANG Xia, XU Can
E-mail: wangxia033007@foxmail.com
|
|
[1] Discovery of 2020 SO, MPEC 2020-S78 : 2020 SO, https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20S78.html.
[2] Reddy V, Battle A, Campbell T, et al. Spectral Characterization of 2020 SO, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference(AMOS 2021), 2021.
[3] Chaudhary A, Birkemeier C, Gregory S, et al. Unmixing the Materials and Mechanics Contributions in Non-Resolved Object Signatures, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2008), 2008.
[4] Khatipov S. Simulated Aging of Spacecraft External Materials on Orbit, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2006), 2006.
[5] McCord T B, Adams J B, Johnson T V, et al. Science, 1970, 168(3938): 1445.
[6] Bédard D, Levesque M, Wallace B, Measurement of the Photometric and Spectral BRDF of Small Canadian Satellites in a Controlled Environment, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2011), 2011.
[7] Cowardin H, Seitzer P, Abercromby K, et al. Observations of Titan IIIC Transtage Fragmentation Debris, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2013), 2013.
[8] Abercromby K J, Okada J, Guyote M, et al. Comparisons of Ground Truth and Remote Spectral Measurements of the Formosat and ANDE Spacecraft, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2006), 2006.
[9] Yi J, Velez-Reyes M, Erives H. Studying the Potential of Hyperspectral Unmixing for Extracting Composition of Unresolved Space Objects Using Simulation Models, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2021), 2021.
[10] Luu K K, Matson C L, Snodgrass J, et al. Object Characterization from Spectral Data, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2003), 2003.
[11] Velez-Reyes M, Yi J. Hyperspectral Unmixing for Remote Sensing of Unresolved Objects, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2020), 2020.
[12] Buckalew B, Abercromby K, Lederer S, et al. United Kingdom Infrared Telescope’s Spectrograph Observations of Human-Made Space Objects, European Conference on Space Debris, 2017.
[13] Seitzer P, Lederer S M, Cowardin H, et al. Visible Light Spectroscopy of GEO Debris, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2012), 2012.
[14] Lederer S M, Buckalew B A, Anz-Meador P, et al. NASA’s Ground-Based Observing Campaigns of Rocket Bodies with the UKIRT and NASA ES-MCAT Telescopes, 7th European Conference on Space Debris, 2017.
[15] Dao P D, McNicholl P J, Brown J H, et al. Space Object Characterization with 16-visible-band Measurements at Magdalena Ridge Observatory, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2008), 2008.
[16] Jorgensen K, Africano J L, Stansbery E G, et al. Proc. SPIE, 2001, 4490: 237(https://doi.org/10.1117/12.455430).
[17] Jorgensen K, Africano J L, Hamada K, et al. Using AMOS Telescope for Low Resolution Spectroscopy to Determine the Material Type of LEO and GEO Objects, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2001), 2001.
[18] Jorgensen K, Africano J L, Hamada K, et al. Advances in Space Research, 2004, 34(5): 1021.
[19] Abercromby K J, Abell P, Barker E. Reflectance Spectra Comparison of Orbital Debris, Intact Spacecraft, and Intact Rocket Bodies in the GEO Regime, Fifth European Conference on Space Debris, 2009.
[20] Tippets R D, Wakefield S, Young S, et al. Optical Engineering, 2015, 54(10): 104103.
[21] Dunsmore A N, Key J A, Tucker R M, et al. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2016, 54(2): 349.
[22] Weisz D, Chun F K. Comparison of Geosynchronous Satellites Spectral Signatures During Glint Season, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2017), 2017.
[23] Demeulenaere A J, Harmon E Q, Chun F K. Simultaneous Glint Spectral Signatures of Geosynchronous Satellites from Multiple Telescopes, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2018), 2018.
[24] Bédard D, Lévesque M. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 2014, 51(5): 1492.
[25] Bédard D, Wade G A, Jolley A. Interpretation of Spectrometric Measurements of Active Geostationary Satellites, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2014), 2014.
[26] Bédard D, Wade G A. Advances in Space Research, 2017, 59(1): 212.
[27] Abercromby K J, Buckalew B, Abell P, et al. Infrared Telescope Facility’s Spectrograph Observations of Human-Made Space Objects, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2015), 2015.
[28] Vananti A, Schildknecht T, Krag H. Advances in Space Research, 2017, 59(10): 2488.
[29] Zigo M, Šilha J, Krajcovic S. BVRI Photometry of Space Debris Objects at the Astronomical and Geophysical Observatory in Modra, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2019), 2019.
[30] Cauquy M, Roggemann M C, Schulz T J. Proc SPIE, 2004, 5428: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.540919
[31] Cauquy M, Roggemann M C, Schulz T J. Optical Engineering, 2006, 45(3): 036201.
[32] LI Jun(李 军). Journal of Changchun University of Technology(长春工业大学学报), 2015, 5(36): 524.
[33] LIU Hao, LI Zhe, SHI Jing, et al(刘 昊, 李 喆, 石 晶, 等). Laser & Infrared(激光与红外), 2017, 47(8): 5.
[34] Gazak J Z, McQuaid I, Swindle R, et al. SpectraNet: Learned Recognition of Artificial Satellites From High Contrast Spectroscopic Imagery, Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, 2022: 4012.
[35] Gazak J Z, McQuaid I, Wolfson B, et al. Incremental Learning of Novel Resident Space Object Spectral Fingerprints, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2021), 2021.
[36] Prochko A, Culpeper M, Durham S, et al. Spectral Signatures Predicted from Detailed Satellite Models, Proceedings of the 1995 Space Surveillance Workshop, 1995, 1: 185.
[37] Wells G J, Stras L, Jeans T. Canada’s Smallest Satellite: The Canadian Advanced Nanospace Experiment (canx-1). Technical Report, University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario, 2002.
[38] Bédard D, Wade G A, Abercromby K. Journal of Spacecraft & Rockets, 2015, 52(4): 1038.
[39] Bédard D, Lévesque M, Wallace B. Measurement of the Photometric and Spectral BRDF of Small Canadian Satellites in a Controlled Environment, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2011), 2011.
[40] Willison A, Bédard D. Light Curve Simulation Using Spacecraft CAD Models and Empirical Material Spectral BRDFs, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2015), 2015.
[41] Willison A, Bédard D. Advances in Space Research, 2016, 58(7): 1318.
[42] Cowardin H, Seitzer P, Abercromby K, et al. Characterization of Orbital Debris Photometric Properties Derived from Laboratory-based Measurements, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2010), 2010.
[43] Cowardin H, Liou J C, Anz-Meador P, et al. Characterization of Orbital Debris via Hyper-Velocity Laboratory-Based Tests, European Conference on Space Debris, 2017.
[44] Cowardin H, Anz-Meador P, Reyes J A. Characterizing GEO Titan IIIC Transtage Fragmentations Using Ground-Based and Telescopic Measurements, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2017), 2017.
[45] Reyes J A, Cowardin H M. Proc SPIE, 2021, 11727: 117271G.
[46] LI Peng, LI Zhi, XU Can, et al(李 鹏,李 智,徐 灿, 等). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析), 2020, 40(10): 3092.
[47] XU Rong, ZHAO Fei, LI Huai-feng, et al(徐 融, 赵 飞, 李怀峰, 等). Acta Photonica Sinica(光子学报), 2016, 45(2): 212002.
[48] XU Rong, ZHAO Fei(徐 融,赵 飞). Infrared and Laser Engineering(红外与激光工程), 2016, 45(S1): 128.
[49] Bengtson M, Maxwell J, Hoffmann R, et al. Optical Characterization of Commonly Used Thermal Control Paints in a Simulated GEO Environment, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2018), 2018.
[50] ZHANG Liang-pei, ZHANG Li-fu(张良培, 张立福). Hyperspectral Remote Sensing(高光谱遥感). Beijing: Surveying and Mapping Press(北京：测绘出版社), 2011. 109.
[51] Lee D D, Seung H S. Nature, 1999, 401(6755): 788.
[52] Piper J, Pauca V P, Plemmons R J, et al. Object Characterization from Spectral Data Using Nonnegative Factorization and Information Theory, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2004), 2004.
[53] Masalmah Y M, Velez-Reyes M. Proc. SPIE, 2008, 6966: 69661C (doi: 10.1117/12.779444).
[54] Velez-Reyes M , Aldeghlawi M. Proc. SPIE, 2018, 10644: 106440A( doi: 10.1117/12.2309867).
[55] LI Qing-bo, MIAO Xing-jin(李庆波, 苗兴晋). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析), 2021, 41(5): 1607.
[56] Hall D. Surface Material Characterization From Multi-Band Optical Observations, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2010), 2010.
[57] Abercromby K J, Rapp J, Bédard D, et al. Comparisons of a Constrained Least Squares Model Versus Human-in-the-Loop for Spectral Unmixing to Determine Material Type of GEO Debris, 6th European Conference on Space Debris, ESA/ESOC, Darmstadt, Germania, 2013.
[58] Dao P, Dentamaro A, Ryan B, et al. Unmixing Space Object’s Moderate Resolution Spectra, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2013), 2013.
[59] SUN Cheng-ming, ZHAO Fei, YUAN Yan(孙成明, 赵 飞, 袁 艳). Acta Physica Sinica(物理学报), 2015, 64(3): 034202.
[60] TIAN Qi-chen, LI Zhi, XU Can, et al(田琪琛, 李 智, 徐 灿, 等). Acta Photonica Sinica(光子学报), 2018, 47(1): 7.
[61] LI Peng, LI Zhi, XU Can(李 鹏, 李 智, 徐 灿). Chinese Journal of Space Science(空间科学学报), 2018, 38(6): 10.
[62] ZHANG Feng, ZHANG Ya-sheng, XU Can(张 峰, 张雅声, 徐 灿). Laser & Optoelectronics Progress(激光与光电子学进展), 2018, 55(5): 363.
[63] WANG Xia, ZHANG Ya-sheng, XU Can, et al(汪 夏, 张雅声, 徐 灿,等). Acta Optica Sinica(光学学报), 2019,39(10): 9.
[64] Abercromby K J, Hamada K, Guyote M, et al. Remote and Ground Truth Spectral Measurement Comparisons of FORMOSAT III, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2007), 2007.
[65] Guyote M, Abercromby K J, Okada J. Using Space Weatheringmodels to Match Observed Spectra to Predicted Spectra, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2006), 2006.
[66] Bruce H. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets, 2001, 106(E5): 10039.
[67] Engelhart D P, Cooper R, Cowardin H, et al. The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, 2019, 66(2): 210.
[68] Bédard D, Wade G, Monin D, et al. Spectrometric Characterization of Geostationary Satellites, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2012), 2012.
[69] WANG Xia, XU Can, ZHANG Feng, et al(汪 夏, 徐 灿, 张 峰, 等). Chinese Journal of Lasers(中国激光), 2020, 47(3): 9.
[70] XU Bang-wei, TANG Yi-jun(许邦伟, 唐轶峻). Chinese Journal of Space Science(空间科学学报), 2020, 40(1): 80.
[71] Khatipov S A. Development of a Database on the Changes in the Optical Properties of Materials Used on the External Surfaces of Spacecraft Under the Action of the Space Environment Factors, Report in Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (RUSSIA), 2006.
[72] Grigorevsky A V, Galygin A N, Novikov L S, et al. Complex Influence of Space Environment on Optical Properties of Thermal Control Coatings, 11th International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment (ISMSE-11).2009.
[73] Pearce E C, Ford H A, Schildknecht T, et al. Rapid Characterization of Geosynchronous Space Debris With 5-Color Near-IR Photometry, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2017), 2017.
[74] Pearce E C, Weiner B, Block A, et al. Examining the Effects of On-Orbit Aging of SL-12 Rocket Bodies Using Visible Band Spectra with the MMT Telescope and 5-Color Photometry with the UKIRT/WFCAM, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2019), 2019.
[75] Pearce E C, Weiner B, Krantz H. Journal of Space Safety Engineering, 2020, 7(3): 376.
[76] Stras L N, Kekez D D, Wells G J, et al. The Design and Operation of the Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment (CanX-1), Proceeding of AMSAT-NA 21st Space Symposium, 2003 ,150.
[77] Africano J L, Stansbery E G, Kervin P W. Advances in Space Research, 2004, 34(5): 892.
[78] Vananti A, Schildknecht T, Krag H, et al. Preliminary Results from Reflectance Spectroscopy Observations of Space Debris in GEO, 5th European Conference on Space Debris. 2009, SP-672.
[79] Bédard D. Using a Physics-based Reflection Model to Study the Reddening Effect Observed in Spectrometric Measurements of Artificial Space Objects, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2011), 2011.
[80] Jolley A, Bédard D, Wade G A. Multicolour Optical Photometry of Active Geostationary Satellites, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2015), 2015.
[81] Kokaly R F, Clark R N, Swayze G A, et al. Usgs Spectral Library Version 7 Data: Us Geological Survey Data Release. United States Geological Survey (USGS): Reston, VA, USA, 2017.
[82] Baldridge A M, Hook S J, Grove C I, et al. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2009, 113(4): 711.
[83] Reyes J A, Cone D. Characterization of Spacecraft Materials using Reflectance Spectroscopy, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2018), 2018.
[84] Nishimoto D L, Africano J L, Sydney P F, et al. Proc. SPIE, 2001, 4490: 212(https://doi.org/10.1117/12.455428).
[85] Pearce E C, Krantz H, Block A, et al. Multicolor and Spectral Characterization of Space Objects in the Near-IR, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2020), 2020.
[86] Klem B, Swann D. Space Object Radiometric Modeling for Hardbody Signature Database Generation, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2009), 2009.
[87] Bowers D L, Wellems L D, Duggin M J, et al. Broadband Spectral-Polarimetric BRDF Scan System and Data for Spacecraft Materials, Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS 2011), 2011.
[88] Sánchez S, Plaza A. Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, 2014, 9(3): 397.
[89] Chen Y Y, Wang Z B. Journal of Chemometrics, 2019, 33(5): e3122.
|
| [1] |
JIANG Chun-xu1, 2, TAN Yong1*, XU Rong3, LIU De-long4, ZHU Rui-han1, QU Guan-nan1, WANG Gong-chang3, LÜ Zhong1, SHAO Ming5, CHENG Xiang-zheng5, ZHOU Jian-wei1, SHI Jing1, CAI Hong-xing1. Research on Inverse Recognition of Space Target Scattering Spectral
Image[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(10): 3023-3030. |
| [2] |
WANG Jin-hua, DAI Jia-le*, LI Meng-qian, LIU Wei, MIAO Ruo-fan. Blind Separation Algorithm of Mixed Minerals Hyperspectral Base on NMF Mode[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(08): 2458-2466. |
| [3] |
ZHU Ling, QIN Kai*, SUN Yu, LI Ming, ZHAO Ying-jun. Hyperspectral Unmixing Based on Deep Stacked Autoencoders Network[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(05): 1508-1516. |
| [4] |
DENG Shi-yu1, 2, LIU Cheng-zhi1, 4*, TAN Yong3*, LIU De-long1, ZHANG Nan1, KANG Zhe1, LI Zhen-wei1, FAN Cun-bo1, 4, JIANG Chun-xu3, LÜ Zhong3. A Combination of Multiple Deep Learning Methods Applied to Small-Sample Space Objects Classification[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(02): 609-615. |
| [5] |
XU Zhao-jin, LI Dong-liang, SHEN Li*. Study on Diffuse Reflection and Absorption Spectra of Organic and Inorganic Chinese Painting Pigments[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2021, 41(12): 3915-3921. |
| [6] |
DENG Shi-yu1，2, LIU Cheng-zhi1，4*, TAN Yong3*, LIU De-long1, JIANG Chun-xu3, KANG Zhe1, LI Zhen-wei1, FAN Cun-bo1，4, ZHU Cheng-wei1, ZHANG Nan1, CHEN Long1，2, NIU Bing-li1，2, LÜ Zhong3. Research on Spectral Measurement Technology and Surface Material Analysis of Space Target[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2021, 41(10): 3299-3306. |
| [7] |
LI Tian-zi2, LIU Shan-jun1*, SONG Liang3, WANG Dong1, HUANG Jian-wei4, YU Mo-li1. Experimental Study on the Effect of Observation Angle on Thermal Infrared Spectral Unmixing of Rock[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2021, 41(06): 1769-1774. |
| [8] |
LI Yang-yu1, MA Jian-guang2*, LI Da-cheng1, CUI Fang-xiao1, WANG An-jing1, WU Jun1. Research on Spatial Offset Raman Spectroscopy and Data Processing Method[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2020, 40(01): 71-74. |
| [9] |
SONG Si-yue, LIU Xu-wei, LIN Hong-xiao, WANG Xue-jin*，HE Zhi-wei. Spectral Characterization of Electrodeposited Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2019, 39(09): 2940-2945. |
| [10] |
WANG Jin-hua1, CAO Lan-jie1, XU Guo-qiang2*, FENG Xiao-xin3, WU Bing1, ZHANG Bo1. Research on Hyper-Spectral Test of Concrete Corrosion Product under Sodium Sulfate Attack[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2019, 39(06): 1724-1730. |
| [11] |
GAN Yu-quan1, 2, LIU Wei-hua1, FENG Xiang-peng1, YU Tao1, HU Bing-liang1, WEN De-sheng1. A Sparse Constrained Graph Regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Algorithm for Hyperspectral Unmixing[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2019, 39(04): 1118-1127. |
| [12] |
XU Rong1, 2, ZHAO Fei1, 2, ZHOU Jin-song1, 2. Progress of Spectral Measurements and Characterization for Non-Resolved Space Objects[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2019, 39(02): 333-339. |
| [13] |
LI Peng1, LI Zhi2, XU Can3, FANG Yu-qiang2, ZHANG Feng1. Research on Space Object’s Materials Multi-Color Photometry Identification Based on the Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2019, 39(02): 363-369. |
| [14] |
XIAO Xue-feng1, SUN Yong-jun1, 2*, SHEN Hao1, SUN Wen-qaun1, ZHENG Huai-li3, XU Yan-hua2, ZHU Cheng-yu1. Spectral Characterizations of CSC-P(AM-AA) with Function of Trapping Heavy Metals and Its Removal Efficiency of Cu2+[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2018, 38(06): 1809-1813. |
| [15] |
JIANG Zhong-min1, KONG Ling-jun2, NIE Peng1, YU Hai-qi1. Study on the Spectral Characterization Model of Multi-Color Printer Based on LabPQR Dimension Reduction[J]. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2018, 38(06): 1975-1981. |
|
|
|
|
