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| Level and Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Muti-Media near Mining Area in Yunnan by Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry |
| LIANG Piao-piao1, WANG Yi-run1, WANG Ru-ming1, FAN Li-yun1, CHEN Tian-tian1, BAI Ya-hong1, YU Qian-ru1, ZHOU Shan-shan1, LIU Ying1,2* |
1. College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
2. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China |
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Abstract Arsenic (As) pollution not only affects soil fertility and crops growth, but also exposes to humans through air, soil, water and food, posing a major threat to human health. Mineral exploitation is one of the most important sources of As environmental problems. In this study, the nine villages (S1—S9) in the vicinity of a Pb-Zn mining area in Yunnan province were chosen as study area, and the county town 20 km away from mining was selected as reference area (S10). The samples including 76 cultivated soils, 306 crop/vegetables and 86 human hairs were collected. Microwave digestion was used to pretreat these samples by controlling the three variables of acid dosage, temperature and duration to get the optimal solution of muti-media. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to determine the contents of As in order to investigate the As pollution level and human health risk in muti-media. The results will provide a reference for policy decision on the prevention and treatment of As pollution caused by mining. Results showed that: (1) after these samples were pretreated by microwave digestion, As detection limits for soil, crops and human hair ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 μg·L-1, and accepted recoveries ranges were 92.43%～112.23% (soil), 97.88%～114.72% (crop/vegetable) and 91.44%～109.65% (hair), respectively, and relative standard deviation was less than 5% with satisfactory results. (2) The mean content of As in soil was 70.66 mg·kg-1, which was 3.84 times higher than that of the background value in Yunnan province. According to GB 15618—1995 of “soil environmental quality standard” (Grade Ⅱ) and the single-factor pollution index (Pi), cultivated soil was severely polluted by As. Furthermore, the highest As content was detected in S1, which might be closely related to the mining, smelting and transportation for many years. In crop/vegetables samples, the mean As content of tuber-vegetables was 1.75 mg·kg-1, followed by leafy-vegetables (0.77 mg·kg-1), which was higher than the maize (0.52 mg·kg-1) and root-vegetables (0.51 mg·kg-1). Based on the maximum permissible standard set by China, the excessive rate of As content in crops was 80.64%. (3) The potential health risk assessments of As exposed to multiple pathways among local residents were evaluated by the hazard index (HI), the total carcinogenic risk (TCR), the target hazard quotient (THQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR), respectively. The total non-carcinogenic risk of As for adult and child were 1.13～1.20, which was unacceptable risk. The carcinogenic risk was as high as 10-3, exceeding the general risk acceptable level (10-4) recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Besides, diet was the dominant exposure pathway. The THQs (>1) and CRs (>10-4) of As in vegetables showed that a potential risk did exist, and the TCR of As for child was higher than that for adult. In view of high As risk of vegetables grown in local area, so we suggested that the nonlocal foods were input to avoid health risks of As pollution and those crops whose edible parts are not easy to accumulate As should be largely planted. (4) The contents of As in hair samples in mining area were 0.97 μg·g-1, which was 4.41 times higher than that in S20 km (0.22 μg·g-1) (p<0.05) and beyond the recommended standard of the Ministry of Health (0.6 μg·g-1). The contents of As from male were higher than that from female, and the Group Ⅱ (19～40 years) were higher than Group Ⅲ (≥41 years). It meant that the males in 19～40 years who acted as the major participant in mining and smelting activities were more vulnerable to exposure to As than others. (5) This study provided a powerful basis for the As pollution level in muti-media of the mining area, but also for the assessment of As exposure risk to local human health.
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Received: 2018-01-04
Accepted: 2018-05-20
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Corresponding Authors:
LIU Ying
E-mail: liuying4300@163.com
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