Study of the Painted Warrior Figurines Excavated in the Tomb of the
Sutong Family (Tang Dynasty) by Spectroscopic Techniques
LIANG Jia-xiang1, WANG Tian1*, ZHANG Ya-xu2, WANG Fen1, LI Qiang3, LUO Hong-jie3, ZHAO Xi-chen2, ZHU Jian-feng1
1. School of Materials Science and Engineering，Institute of Silicate Cultural Heritage，Shaanxi University of Science and Technology，Xi’an 710021，China
2. Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology，Xi’an 710043，China
3. Shanghai University，Institute of Basic Sciences for Cultural Heritage Protection，Shanghai 200444，China
Abstract：Warrior Figurines is an important God and ghost Figurine in the tomb of the Tang Dynasty. It is the tomb of dignitaries and dignitaries in the Central Plains. In order to explore the color elements and color painting technology of the color painting pigments of the terracotta warriors，X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is used to analyze the elemental composition of the painted area of the king terracotta figures unearthed from the pits KTJ-2019-M2 and KTJ-2019-M3 of the Sutong family tomb in Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. The results show that the gold patch on the surface of the terracotta figures is mainly gold foil (Au); the constituent elements of red pigment are Hg, S and a small amount of Pb and P; The constituent elements of blue pigment and green pigment are Cu, and the constituent elements of white pigment are P, S and Pb. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the phase of color painting pigment layer. The identification results showed that the phase of red pigment was the mixed pigment of cinnabar (HgS) and Pb3O4; The phase of blue pigment is Azurite; The phase of green pigment is Malachite green; White pigments may be Cerussite. Further, XRF surface scanning technology was used to analyze the color painting process of the heavenly king figurines, and the element positions in the gold, red, blue and green areas were analyzed. It was found that the color painting of M2-1，M3-1，M3-2，M3-3，M3-4 in the ceramic block samples used a single-layer process. The M2-2 sample color is based on Cerussite and then applied with a layer of cinnabar and minimum mixed pigment, that is, the double-layer color painting process is used. By comparing the test results of the color painting layer of the king terracotta figures of the Sutong Family Tomb of the Tang Dynasty with the color painting cultural relics unearthed in various regions of the Tang Dynasty, it is found that the color painting pigments used in the Sutong Family Tomb of the Tang Dynasty are consistent with the color painting of the color painting cultural relics unearthed in different regions of the same period. The element distribution characteristics of the pigment layer can be obtained intuitively using the surface scanning technology of the X-ray fluorescence spectrum, which can provide reliable scientific support and useful reference for the protection and restoration of the terracotta warriors.
梁家祥，王 甜，张亚旭，王 芬，李 强，罗宏杰，赵西晨，朱建锋. 唐代苏同家族墓天王俑彩绘的光谱分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2023, 43(01): 175-182.
LIANG Jia-xiang, WANG Tian, ZHANG Ya-xu, WANG Fen, LI Qiang, LUO Hong-jie, ZHAO Xi-chen, ZHU Jian-feng . Study of the Painted Warrior Figurines Excavated in the Tomb of the
Sutong Family (Tang Dynasty) by Spectroscopic Techniques. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2023, 43(01): 175-182.
[1] ZHANG Wan-li(张婉丽). Identification and Appreciation to Cultural Relics(文物鉴定与鉴赏)，2018，(3): 10.
[2] LI Jian-ping(李建平). Northwest Fine Art(西北美术)，2018，(4): 87.
[3] QIN Zhi-fang，CHEN Xiao-lin(秦志芳，陈晓琳). Proceedings of the 9th Annual Academic Conference of China Cultural Relics Protection Technology Association(中国文物保护技术协会第九次学术年会论文集)，2016: 79.
[4] WANG Ze-hua(王泽华). China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research(中国文物科学研究)，2006，(3): 67.
[5] WANG Qi，ZENG Ke-wu，ZHOU Xin-rui，et al(王 旗，曾克武，周昕睿，等). China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica（中国中药杂志)，2009，34(12): 1527.
[6] WANG Ji-ying，WEI Ling，LIU Zhao-jun，et al(王继英，魏 凌，刘照军，等). The Journal of Light Scattering(光散射学报)，2012，24(1): 86.
[7] Alexander A Kaminskii，Ladislav Bohaty，Hanjo Rhee, et al. Laser Photonics Reviews，2013，7(3)：425.
[8] WANG Li-qin，MA Yan-ni，ZHANG Ya-xu，et al(王丽琴，马彦妮，张亚旭，等). Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis(光谱学与光谱分析)，2020，40(10): 3199.
[9] SONG Jun-rong，LI Jian-xi，TIAN Yuan-xi，et al(宋俊荣，李建西，田原曦，等). Archaeology and Cultural Relics(考古与文物)，2018，(3): 113.
[10] Xu J G，Kuang Y Q，Zhang B, et al. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 2015, 42: 805.
[11] YUAN Xiao-hong，ZHANG Zhi-guo，SHI Jia-zhen，et al(袁晓红，张治国，史家珍，等). Journal of National Museum of China(中国国家博物馆馆刊)，2013，(10): 143.
[12] Irene Aliatis，Danilo Bersani，Elisa Campani, et al. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2009，73：532.
[13] LIU Zhao-jun，WANG Ji-ying，ZHOU Xiao，et al（刘照军，王继英，周 晓，等). The Journal of Light Scattering(光散射学报)，2013，25(2): 170.
[14] LI Qian-qian，ZHOU Lin-lin，MA Qing-lin，et al(李倩倩，周麟麟，马清林，等). Museum(博物院)，2017，(2): 28.
