Scientific Analysis of Five Turquoise Beads Unearthed From Haochuan Cemetery in Suichang, Zhejiang
JIANG Yan1, MAO Ling-lin3, WU Jun3, YANG Xi4, DAI Lu-lu1, YANG Ming-xing1, 2*
1. Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2. Gem Testing Center, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3. Suichang County Cultural Relics Management Committee Office, Suichang 323300, China
4. Hangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou 310007, China
Abstract：At present, modern testing technology is developing rapidly, providing a non-destructive research method for the processing technology and production source of ancient jade. Using infrared spectroscopy technology and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), five pieces of turquoise beads unearthed from tomb M52 in Haochuan Cemetery, Suichang County, Zhejiang Province, were non-destructively tested, hoping to determine their possible source of origin. Infrared spectroscopy characteristics show that sharp infrared absorption bands can be seen at 3 468 and 3 514 cm-1, which are caused by ν(OH) stretching vibration; ν(MFe, Cu-H2O) stretching vibration is visible near 3 058 cm-1, 1 014, 1 066 and 1 134 cm-1 are ν3(PO4) stretching vibrations. Compared with the standard turquoise infrared spectrum, the peak at 1 637 cm-1 is missing. Here is the δ(H2O) bending vibration, which may be related to the long buried time of the sample. In addition to the natural turquoise absorption peaks, absorption peaks appear at 2 890 and 2 838 cm-1, which belong to the asymmetric stretching vibration peak and symmetrical vibration peak of methylene (—CH2), which can also be observed near 1 452 cm-1. Its deformation vibration peak, in addition, visible ν(C═C) stretching vibration near 1 552 cm-1. These two absorption peaks of organic matter combined with the unearthed location in the red paint mark inferred that there might be traces of raw paint residue. The two group peaks are consistent with the infrared spectroscopy characteristics of urushiol, and there is a possibility that the sample is buried for too long and the lacquer decays in the soil and stains the surface of the sample. The EDXRF data shows that the main element content of the five samples is slightly lower than the theoretical value, the silicon content is slightly high, and there are silicon-containing impurity minerals. The content of zinc and barium in the trace elements is high, and the content of Zn is 1 151～1 540 mg·kg-1. The content of Ba is 1 910～3 570 mg·kg-1. Compared with previous literature, the element order of turquoise produced in Shiyan，Hubei Province and surrounding areas is closer. It can be used as evidence for judging the source of five turquoise beads. Observation of the production process of five turquoise beads through photomicrography shows that all five samples have directional polishing traces, and a certain number of obvious polishing facets can be seen, and there are line cutting traces on the edges, which proves the good performance at the time. The ancestors of Sichuan culture already can process and polish beads that are not more than 1 cm in length and width; the way to process the bead shape is to divide the irregular jade material into multiple small surfaces and polish until it becomes a barrel bead shape, instead of directly polishing the curved surface; Obvious planes can be seen around the drill hole. The shape of the hole is relatively regular, almost circular, which shows that the ancestors of Haochuan Cemetery already had drilling technology at that time. Studies have shown that the turquoise in Haochuan may come from the mining belt in Shiyan, Hubei and its surrounding areas. Since the Haochuan culture in southwestern Zhejiang, pure turquoise has been used as lacquer inlay decoration. During the burying process, the lacquer adhesion to green The surface of turquoise caused a certain amount of pollution. The craftsmanship of inlaid jade lacquerware was inherited from the Liangzhu culture, and the ancestors of Haochuan Cemetery already possessed a certain degree of turquoise processing ability. It lays the foundation for the further study of the source of the jade material of Haochuan culture and has a certain reference significance for the origin and exchange of culture in Haochuan and surrounding areas in archaeology.
Key words：Turquoise; Infrared spectroscopy; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; Haochuan cemetery; Characteristics of mineral origin
姜 炎，毛灵林，吴 君，杨 曦，代路路，杨明星. 浙江遂昌好川墓地五件出土绿松石珠的科技分析[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析, 2022, 42(02): 568-574.
JIANG Yan, MAO Ling-lin, WU Jun, YANG Xi, DAI Lu-lu, YANG Ming-xing. Scientific Analysis of Five Turquoise Beads Unearthed From Haochuan Cemetery in Suichang, Zhejiang. SPECTROSCOPY AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, 2022, 42(02): 568-574.
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