Abstract:Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has become one of the major techniques for in situ microanalysis of element and isotopic compositions in earth science and other related fields. Because of the extraordinary short pulse width of femtosecond laser, thermal effect induced elemental fractionations that limit the usage of traditional nanosecond laser ablation are significantly reduced or eliminated in terms of femtosecond laser ablation analyses. There is an increasing trend of developing femtosecond laser ablation analytical technique and its application in earth sciences. In this review, the basic properties of femtosecond laser ablation system (the features and generation of femtosecond laser, the different femtosecond systems) are introduced, the ablation mechanisms of femtosecond laser on geological samples were discussed with emphasis on the way of samples absorbing the laser energy, the generation and distribution of different aerosol particles, the features of ablation pits, and the unique advantages of femtosecond laser ablation. The applications of fs-LA-ICP-MS technique concerning elements and isotope analyses of geological samples over the past ten years are also studied. At last, the prospects of this technique are viewed.
[1] Gray A L. Analyst, 1985, 110(5): 551.
[2] Gunther D, Heinrich C A. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 1999, 14(9): 1369.
[3] Guillong M, Horn I, Gunther D. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2003, 18(10): 1224.
[4] Gao S, Liu X M, Yuan H L, et al. Geostandards Newsletter-the Journal of Geostandards and Geoanalysis, 2002, 26(2): 181.
[5] Chery C C, Gunther D, Cornelis R, et al. Electrophoresis, 2003, 24(19-20): 3305.
[6] Okuda T, Kato J, Mori J, et al. Sci. Total Environ., 2004, 330(1-3): 145.
[7] Latkoczy C, Mller Y, Schmutz P, et al. Applied Surface Science, 2005, 252(1): 127.
[8] Hu Z C, Liu Y S, Gao S, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2008, 23(9): 1192.
[9] Pisonero J, Fliegel D, Guenther D. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2006, 21(9): 922.
[10] Mank A J G, Mason P R D. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 1999, 14(8): 1143.
[11] Horn I, Gunther D. Applied Surface Science, 2003, 207(1-4): 144.
[12] Garcia C C, Lindner H, Niemax K. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2009, 24(1): 14.
[13] Liu Y S, Hu Z C, Li M, et al. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(32): 3863.
[14] Guillong M, Gunther D. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2002, 17(8): 831.
[15] Hergenroder R, Samek O, Hommes V. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 2006, 25(4): 551.
[16] Russo R E, Mao X L, Gonzalez J J, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2002, 17(9): 1072.
[17] CHEN Yun-sheng, CHE Hui-sheng(陈云生, 车会生). Laser & Optoelectronics Progress(激光与光电子学进展), 2003, 40(8): 1.
[18] CHE Hui-sheng(车会生). Laser & Optoelectronics Progress(激光与光电子学进展), 2003, 40(8): 5.
[19] WEI Xi(炜 席). Modern Physics(现代物理知识), 2010, 22(2): 48.
[20] Fernandez B, Claverie F, Pecheyran C, et al. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2007, 26(10): 951.
[21] Russo R E, Mao X L, Liu H C, et al. Talanta, 2002, 57(3): 425.
[22] Zong K Q, Chen J Y, Hu Z C, et al. Science China Earth Sciences, 2015, 58(10): 1731.
[23] Waelle M, Koch J, Flamigni L, et al. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2009, 64(1): 109.
[24] Jochum K P, Stoll B, Weis U, et al. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2014, 38(3): 265.
[25] Ikehata K, Notsu K, Hirata T. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2008, 23(7): 1003.
[26] Freydier R, Candaudap F, Poitrasson F, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2008, 23(5): 702.
[27] Pecheyran C, Cany S, Chabassier P, et al. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2007, 59: 112.
[28] Duffin A M, Hart G L, Hanlen R C, et al. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2012, 296(2): 1031.
[29] D’abzac F X, Beard B L, Czaja A D, et al. Analytical Chemistry, 2013, 85(24): 11885.
[30] Liu X, Du D, Mourou G. Ieee Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1997, 33(10): 1706.
[31] Durrant S F. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 1999, 14(9): 1385.
[32] Vonderlinde D, Sokolowskitinten K, Bialkowski J. Applied Surface Science, 1997, 109: 1.
[33] Liu C, Mao X L, Mao S S, et al. Analytical Chemistry, 2004, 76(2): 379.
[34] TIAN Liang, QI Wen-zong(田 梁, 齐文宗). Laser Journal(激光杂志), 2007, 28(5): 1.
[35] Hergenroeder R. Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, 2006, 61(3): 284.
[36] Kuhn H R, Gunther D. Analytical Chemistry, 2003, 75(4): 747.
[37] Koch J, Von Bohlen A, Hergenroder R, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2004, 19(2): 267.
[38] D’abzac F-X, Seydoux-Guillaume A-M, Chmeleff J, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2012, 27(1): 108.
[39] Margetic V, Pakulev A, Stockhaus A, et al. Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, 2000, 55(11): 1771.
[40] Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser C C, Jochum K P. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2015, 30(12): 2469.
[41] Macholdt D S, Jochum K P, Stoll B, et al. Chemical Geology, 2014, 383: 123.
[42] Borisova A Y, Freydier R, Polve M, et al. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2008, 32(2): 209.
[43] Li Z, Hu Z C, Gunther D, et al. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2016, 40(4): 477.
[44] Poitrasson F, Mao X L, Mao S S, et al. Analytical Chemistry, 2003, 75(22): 6184.
[45] Fernandez, B, Claverie F, Pecheyran C, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2008, 23(3): 367.
[46] Vanhaecke F, Resano M, Koch J, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2010, 25(8): 1259.
[47] Wiltsche H, Gunther D. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011, 399(6): 2167.
[48] Shaheen M E, Fryer B J. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2011, 66(8): 627.
[49] Velasquez G, Borisova A Y, Salvi S, et al. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2012, 36(3): 315.
[50] Albrecht M, Derrey I T, Horn I, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2014, 29(6): 1034.
[51] Li Z, Hu Z C, Liu Y S, et al. Chemical Geology, 2015, 400: 11.
[52] Horn I, Von Blanckenburg F, Schoenberg R, et al. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 2006, 70(14): 3677.
[53] Yang Z, Fryer B J, Longerich H P, et al. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2011, 26(2): 341.
[54] Ikehata K, Hirata T. Analytical Sciences, 2013, 29(12): 1213.
[55] Lazarov M, Horn I. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2015, 111: 64.
[56] Oeser M, Weyer S, Horn I, et al. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2014, 38(3): 311.
[57] Chmeleff J, Horn I, Steinhoefel G, et al. Chemical Geology, 2008, 249(1-2): 155.
[58] Schuessler J A, Von Blanckenburg F. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2014, 98: 1.
[59] Chen K Y, Yuan H L, Bao Z A, et al. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2014, 38(1): 5.
[60] Yuan H L, Yin C, Liu X, et al. Science China Earth Sciences, 2015, 58(10): 1713.
[61] Shaheen M, Fryer B J. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2010, 25(7): 1006.
[62] Kaczmarek K, Horn I, Nehrke G, et al. Chemical Geology, 2015, 392: 32.